InteractionsGuide Index Page

 
Case Analysis Toolclose
Enter Each Substance:


Analysis Search Terms:

Magnesium

Nutrient Name: Magnesium.
Elemental Symbol: Mg.

Summary Table
nutrient description

Chemistry and Forms

Magnesium ascorbate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium fumarate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium glycerophosphate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium malate, magnesium oxide, magnesium pidolate, magnesium succinate, magnesium sulfate.

Physiology and Function

Magnesium functions as a structural cofactor or as an allosteric activator of enzyme activity in more than 300 enzyme reactions in the body, including those related to the transfer of phosphate groups, all reactions that require adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP; i.e., mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation), glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and amino acid metabolism, and the replication and transcription of DNA, synthesis of RNA, and translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation and the fourth most prevalent cation in the body. The normal body magnesium content is approximately 1000 mmol, or 22·66 g, of which 50% to 60% resides in bone. Magnesium affects many cellular functions, including transport of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca++) ions, and modulates signal transduction, energy metabolism, and cell proliferation. The magnesium cation (Mg++) is also required for cellular energy metabolism and plays an important role in cell proliferation and membrane stabilization, nerve signal transduction, ion transport, and calcium metabolism. Magnesium decreases coagulation and acts as a calcium channel blocker. Magnesium regulates the absorption of calcium and is involved in the structural integrity of bones and teeth. If it is deficient in the bones, the bones may be dense but brittle because of poor trabecular integrity. Magnesium regulates the contractility of cardiac muscle. It is concentrated 18 times greater in heart muscle than in the bloodstream, and decreased levels in heart tissue increase susceptibility to coronary spasms. Magnesium has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle and may be helpful in relaxing the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and the arterioles. Consequently, magnesium deficiency can produce a variety of metabolic abnormalities and clinical consequences.

Serum magnesium concentration is maintained within a narrow range by the small intestine and kidneys. Total body magnesium (TBMg) depends mainly on gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion. Many factors regulate magnesium absorption. Intestinal absorption is inversely proportional to the amount ingested. As calcium intake decreases, Mg++absorption increases. Magnesium absorption occurs primarily in the jejunum and ileum via active carrier-mediated transport (partly dependent on vitamin D and parathyroid hormone [PTH]) and passive diffusion. The rate of magnesium absorption varies from as low as 24% to as high as 85%. Plasma Mg++concentration is the major regulator of magnesium reabsorption within the kidney, serving as the principal organ in magnesium regulation. About 100 mg is excreted daily into the urine. In contrast to other ions, 60% to 70% of Mg++reabsorption occurs in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Even so, the distal tubule is the major site of magnesium regulation, although it normally reabsorbs only 10% of filtered Mg++. Both hormonal and nonhormonal factors influence Mg++reabsorption in the loop of Henle and distal tubule, including PTH, calcitonin, glucagon, and vasopressin levels; magnesium restriction; acid-base changes; and potassium depletion. In plasma magnesium self-regulatory processes, the Ca++/Mg++-sensing receptor induces inhibition of loop transport in response to hypermagnesemia, whereas hypomagnesemia stimulates transport. Hypercalcemia and the rate of sodium chloride reabsorption can also influence reabsorption. Under conditions of magnesium deprivation, both organs increase their fractional absorption of the nutrient. Magnesium distribution constantly but gradually shifts between stores in bone or muscle and the extracellular fluid (ECF). In situations of magnesium depletion, resulting in negative magnesium imbalance, ECF will give up the initial losses, and serum Mg++concentrations will rapidly fall. A compensatory reduction will then occur in urinary Mg++concentrations unless there is magnesium wasting for other reasons. Finally, over several weeks, equilibration utilizing the bone stores will take place.

nutrient in clinical practice

Known or Potential Therapeutic Uses

Magnesium has primarily been used in, and investigated for, the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, migraine, muscular spasm and irregular contractility, osteoporosis, and premenstrual syndrome. Usage ranges from daily dietary and supplemental intake to intravenous infusion for critical care. The value of this mineral in promoting health and treating disease is gradually coming into greater appreciation, as are the implications of its involvement in interactions with pharmaceutical agents. For example, a recent large study confirmed that greater levels of dietary magnesium intake appear to be associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. 1

Possible Uses

Alcohol withdrawal, angina, anxiety, asthma, atherosclerosis, autism, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular disease, celiac disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure, constipation, Crohn's disease, depression, diabetes mellitus, dysmenorrhea, eclampsia, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, epilepsy, fatigue, fibromyalgia, gastrointestinal spasms or cramping (acute), glaucoma, hearing loss (especially noise-related), hyperactivity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, insomnia, intermittent claudication, kidney stones, lead toxicity, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, menopause, migraine, mitral valve prolapse, muscle cramping (especially nocturnal), multiple sclerosis, myocardial infarction (acute), osteoporosis, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), Raynaud's disease, retinopathy, sickle cell disease, stress response, stroke, torticollis, toxemia of pregnancy, urinary urge incontinence.

Deficiency Symptoms

There is significant disagreement as to the prevalence of clinically significant, although possibly subclinical, magnesium deficiency among the healthy subpopulations in developed societies. Nevertheless, the incidence of inadequate magnesium nutriture among susceptible subpopulations is widely recognized. A survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that the daily dietary magnesium intake of many Americans (up to 75%) falls below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 2 which would mean that magnesium is among the most commonly deficient nutrients in that population. Suboptimal magnesium intake adversely affects a wide range of tissues, particularly those of the heart, nerves, and kidneys; many experts would say that all tissues are compromised by such a status. A diet high in processed and packaged foods tends to be magnesium poor because magnesium is found predominantly in whole, unprocessed foods.

Hypomagnesemia is frequently encountered in hospitalized patients and is seen in up to two thirds of patients admitted to intensive care units. 3 One survey of predominantly female urban African Americans found a 20% overall prevalence of magnesium deficiency. 4 Chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, renal disease, asthma, and heart failure, are often associated with, and even potential causes of, magnesium deficiency, usually resulting from loss of magnesium from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the kidney. Alcoholism, severe burns, and other debilitative or traumatized states are also strongly linked to compromised magnesium status. Other GI causes include protein-calorie malnutrition, intravenous administration of Mg-free fluids and total parenteral nutrition, acute or chronic watery diarrhea, short bowel syndrome, bowel fistula, acute pancreatitis, continuous nasogastric suctioning, malabsorption steatorrhea, and extensive bowel resection. A rare inborn error of metabolism (primary intestinal hypomagnesemia), characterized by a selective defect in magnesium adsorption, is another known cause. The renal causes include Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, postobstructive diuresis, post–acute tubular necrosis, renal transplantation, and interstitial nephropathy. 5-8Hypomagnesemia may also accompany other disorders, including phosphate depletion, hungry-bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy, correction of chronic systemic acidosis, postobstructive nephropathy, renal transplantation, and the diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis. 6 Many medications, particularly aminoglycosides, furosemide, and amphotericin-B, can also cause or contribute to magnesium depletion.

Hypomagnesemia is known to produce a wide variety of clinical presentations. Clinically, neuromuscular hyperexcitability may be the first symptom to manifest in individuals with hypomagnesemia. Magnesium deficiency is associated with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia, fatigue, lethargy and apathy, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, weakness, convulsions, delirium and coma, muscle spasm, tremor and tetany, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, cardiac spasm, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, supraventricular ectopy, sudden cardiac death, insulin resistance, sugar cravings, nerve conduction problems, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pains, paralytic ileus, dysmenorrhea, PMS, and poor nail growth. 5,9-12

Dietary Sources

The magnesium content in foods varies widely, as does the soil content of magnesium. Nuts (almonds, cashews, Brazil), soybeans, brewer's yeast, buckwheat, and wheat bran are rich sources of magnesium, with 200 to 400 mg per 100 g of food.

Moderate sources include corn, peas, carrots, barley, oats, rye, wheat, rice bran, pecans, filberts, pistachios, black walnuts, green leafy vegetables (kale, endive, chard beet tops), celery, alfalfa, figs, apples, lemons, peaches, almonds, whole grains (millet, cornmeal, wheat germ, barley, buckwheat, oats), tahini, sunflower seeds, brown rice, sesame seeds, black-eyed peas, lima beans, tofu, lentils, potato, sweet potato, peas, brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, avocado, dates, banana, blueberries, grape juice, cantaloupe, orange juice, and milk.

Nutrient Preparations Available

  • Magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, and magnesium lactate are more soluble and bioavailable than magnesium oxide.
  • Magnesium chloride is more soluble than magnesium oxide, gluconate, citrate, hydroxide, and sulfate and does not require stomach acid for solubility, but its use is limited because of its hygroscopic properties.
  • Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia).
  • Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts).

Dosage Forms Available

Capsule, liquid, powder, spray, tablet, injectable (prescription only), intravenous (inpatient).

Dosage Range

Adult

Dietary: 300 to 400 mg/day (Dietary Reference Intake; DRI)

Pregnant or lactating females: 450 to 550 mg/day (DRI)

Supplemental/Maintenance: 250 to 500 mg/day.

Pharmacological/Therapeutic: 50 to 2500 mg/day; 5 to 6 g have been used under close medical supervision.

Toxic: Single doses of 800 mg may cause diarrhea. Significantly lower doses can be toxic in renally impaired individuals.

Pediatric (<18 Years)

Dietary: Infants, 0-6 months: 50 mg/day (DRI)

Infants, 7-12 months: 70 mg/day (DRI)

Children, 1-10 years: 150 to 250 mg/day (DRI)

Adolescents, 11-18 years: 300 to 400 mg/day (DRI)

Supplemental/Maintenance: Not established.

Pharmacological/Therapeutic: Not established.

Toxic: Not established.

Laboratory Values

Consensus is lacking as to what constitutes an abnormally low plasma magnesium concentration [Mg++] and how to best assess magnesium depletion in critical tissues. Some authorities contend that measuring serum magnesium concentration and urinary magnesium excretion is usually sufficient in most cases to diagnose magnesium deficiency. 5 However, serum magnesium is a very poor indicator of how much magnesium is actually in the tissues, particularly cardiac tissue, which normally has much higher concentrations of magnesium than typical of serum. Measuring white blood cell (WBC) magnesium may provide a more sensitive indicator of tissue levels. An anionic magnesium measurement, pioneered by Drs. Burton and Bella Altura at Down-State University of New York in Brooklyn, appears to be a considerably more accurate indicator of tissue levels of magnesium than either WBC or red blood cell (RBC) measurements. Koivisto and other researchers at Helsinki University Hospital in Finland assert that spot serum ionized magnesium reveals depletion poorly, and that the most reliable method for evaluating magnesium status is the magnesium loading test. In cases of depletion, uptake of magnesium is increased by 20% to 50%, reaching 6% of normal magnesium status; normally, it represents less than 1% of the TBMg. 13 A recently developed in vitro blood load test using a magnesium-stable isotope appears to offer an accurate assessment of magnesium status, based on initial animal research. 14 Sublingual buccal cell scrapings analyzed with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, developed by Burton Silver, have been shown to correlate well with cardiac tissue levels; this is considered the best clinically available test by many magnesium experts. 15

Urinary Magnesium

  • Urinary magnesium provides a sensitive measure of magnesium status.
  • Deficiency: Excretion of less than 1 mmol/day indicates magnesium deficiency.
  • Leukocyte magnesium levels may reflect tissue levels.
  • Normal range: 3.0 to 4.0 ±0.09 fmol/cell.

Serum Ionized Magnesium

  • Serum ionized magnesium is a superior index, compared to serum levels, because the ionized portion of blood magnesium is not affected by variables that alter serum proteins.
  • Normal range: 0.5 to 0.66 mmol/L.

Serum Magnesium

  • Serum magnesium is an insensitive index of body magnesium stores; levels fall only with advanced deficiency.
  • Normal range: 0.75 to 1.05 mmol/L.
  • Occasionally, parenteral magnesium load test can be used to assess magnesium status.

safety profile

Overview

Magnesium has a very high therapeutic index, and hypermagnesemia is rare and usually iatrogenic, most commonly after intravenous (IV) magnesium, resulting from magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids, or rarely with intramuscular (IM) injection. Magnesium excess and toxicity most often result in diarrhea, drowsiness, weakness, and lethargy but may lead to depression of the central nervous system (CNS) and possibly death. Those most at risk are the elderly and patients with GI disorders or renal insufficiency. 16 Treatment of hypermagnesemia primarily consists of discontinuation of magnesium intake and introduction of calcium administration, but hemodialysis may be necessary in some cases.

Nutrient Adverse Effects

General Adverse Effects

Toxicity from oral ingestion of magnesium supplements is highly improbable in individuals with normal renal function, other than the potential for osmotic diarrhea. Clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia include hypotension, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, bradycardia, respiratory depression, depressed mental status, and electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. Diarrhea is the most common adverse effect from oral magnesium supplements but is not associated with parenteral administration. Excessive oral magnesium intake can actually lead to a magnesium deficiency if it causes chronic diarrhea. Magnesium also competes with calcium and may induce a calcium deficiency if calcium intake levels are already low. About 800 mg of elemental magnesium will generally cause loose stools, but some individuals may tolerate much higher doses. Different forms of magnesium, such as magnesium glycinate, may be tolerated better as well. Slow-release forms of magnesium (e.g., Slo-mag), may be helpful in elevating the intracellular levels of magnesium. Individuals with kidney failure must be cautious about magnesium supplementation because they may experience elevated serum levels with associated toxicity symptoms.

Intravenous magnesium, because of its effect on smooth muscles, may cause hypotension along with dizziness and fainting. It may also cause respiratory depression or depletion of potassium with high doses and rapid infusion.

Intramuscular injections can often be painful and may cause a persistent lump if injection does not go deep enough to reach the muscle tissue. After the magnesium is loaded into the syringe, a small amount of 2% lidocaine can be drawn into the tip of the syringe to ease the reaction.

Adverse Effects Among Specific Populations

Gitelman's syndromes.

Pregnancy and Nursing

No problems have been reported with normal intake during pregnancy and lactation.

Infants and Children

No problems have been reported with normal intake in infants and children.

Contraindications

Individuals with impaired kidney function can accumulate magnesium, which is potentially fatal. Some medications, such as aminoglycosides and amphotericin-B, cause both renal tubular damage and magnesium depletion patterns.

Individuals with high-grade atrioventricular blocks or bifascicular blocks must avoid magnesium supplementation because it could slow cardiac conduction.

Precautions and Warnings

Magnesium supplementation may theoretically alter glucose regulation to such a degree as to be problematic for individuals with hypoglycemia or diabetes. Gradual introduction and increase of dosage will generally prevent complications. Close supervision and regular monitoring may be appropriate.

interactions review

Strategic Considerations

Although oral magnesium, as with many minerals, can bind and reduce bioavailability of many medications, the primary interactions of clinical significance derive from depletion and deficiency of this critical nutrient. Dietary magnesium deficiency is relatively common in the modern world, much more than usually expected, and its implications penetrate many aspects of human physiology, with the cardiovascular lesions being the most common arena of adverse effects. Inadequate dietary intake may affect the young and the aged, the poor and the institutionalized, the alcoholic and the malnourished, but iatrogenic causes of magnesium depletion produce many of the most severe outcomes. Clinically significant alterations in serum concentrations of Mg++(and K+) not only are frequently observed in acute or severely ill patients, especially in emergency rooms or intensive care wards, but also are a common adverse effect of many medications. Accurate assessment of magnesium status can be elusive but is critical because many symptoms of magnesium deficiency are nonspecific, and their effective correction requires early detection and intervention. In particular, digitalis and diuretics can intensify an underlying magnesium deficiency, leading to cardiac arrhythmias that are refractory unless magnesium is integrated into the therapeutic regimen. Furthermore, magnesium functions in association with other key minerals in supporting cardiovascular homeostasis, and these nutrients must often be administered in concert. Diuretic-treated hypertensive patients are particularly susceptible to potassium depletion and a resulting increased incidence of ventricular ectopy and sudden death. In such cases, potassium administration alone is inadequate, and concomitant magnesium is essential to intracellular potassium repletion and cardiovascular stabilization. Individuals receiving diuretic therapy, especially those with congestive heart failure, are also prone to chloride loss leading to metabolic alkalosis; this state interferes with potassium repletion, and the combination of potassium, magnesium, and chloride is often appropriate.

Ultimately, the disruptions of magnesium availability and function have their greatest impact on those populations most at risk for their adverse consequences. Furthermore, because the primary adverse effects of magnesium intake occur in individuals with compromised renal function, it is important that kidney function be assessed initially and monitored regularly, along with magnesium status. Importantly, the pharmacokinetic interaction between magnesium and many medications, involving formation of chelated complexes, reduces absorption and bioavailability of both agents. Both the nutrient and the drug presumably play important roles in the therapeutic strategy, so the separation of their administration by 2 to 4 hours avoids the interference and enables both agents to express their full activity.

nutrient-drug interactions
Albuterol/Salbutamol and Related Beta-2-Adrenoceptor Agonists (Inhalant Bronchodilators)
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Amphetamines and Related Stimulant Medications
Amphotericin B
Bisphosphonates
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cisplatin
Colchicine
Corticosteroids, Oral
Cyclosporine
Digoxin and Related Cardiac Glycosides
Diuretics: Loop Diuretics and Thiazide Diuretics
ESTROGENS, PROGESTINS, AND ESTROGEN-PROGESTIN COMBINATIONS:
Oral Contraceptives: Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Estrogen Preparations (Synthetic Estrogen and Progesterone Analogs)
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Estrogen-Containing and Synthetic Estrogen and Progesterone Analog Medications
Fentanyl
Fluoroquinolone (4-Quinolone) Antibiotics, Particularly Ciprofloxacin
Foscarnet
Insulin
Lithium Carbonate
Macrolide Antibiotics
Misoprostol
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Penicillamine
Pentamidine
Quinidine and Related Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Sotalol and Related Beta-1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-1-Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Sulfonylurea Hypoglycemics
Tetracycline Antibiotics
Theophylline/Aminophylline
Warfarin and Related Oral Vitamin K Antagonist Anticoagulants
theoretical, speculative, and preliminary interactions research, including overstated interactions claims
Captopril
Cholestyramine
Cycloserine

Cycloserine (Seromycin).

Cycloserine may interfere with absorption of magnesium (and calcium). 255 On the other hand, pharmacokinetics of cycloserine are minimally affected by magnesium-containing antacids 256 and thus at least as unlikely to be affected by supplemental magnesium. The probability of occurrence and clinical significance of these potential interactions remain uncertain pending substantive evidence from controlled clinical trials. Concomitant magnesium may be appropriate to address the potential for magnesium depletion with cycloserine use over an extended period and might be particularly relevant in patients with cardiovascular disease, asthma, or other conditions that tend to be magnesium-sensitive.

Docusate
Epinephrine
Histamine (H 2 ) Receptor Antagonists
Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine
Isoniazid and Related Antitubercular Agents
Magnesium-Containing Antacids
Mycophenolate
Metformin and Related Biguanides
Nitrofurantoin
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Sulfamethoxazole and Related Sulfonamide Antibiotics
nutrient-nutrient interactions
Alcohol
Calcium
Iron
Manganese
Phosphate
Potassium
Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin D
Zinc
Citations and Reference Literature
  • 1.Abbott RD, Ando F, Masaki KH et al. Dietary magnesium intake and the future risk of coronary heart disease (the Honolulu Heart Program). Am J Cardiol 2003;92:665-669.View Abstract
  • 2.Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of US adults. J Nutr 2003;133:2879-2882.View Abstract
  • 3.Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, Shaw ST Jr. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;79:348-352.View Abstract
  • 4.Fox CH, Ramsoomair D, Mahoney MC et al. An investigation of hypomagnesemia among ambulatory urban African Americans. J Fam Pract 1999;48:636-639.
  • 5.Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:737-752.View Abstract
  • 6.Weisinger JR, Bellorin-Font E. Magnesium and phosphorus. Lancet 1998;352:391-396.View Abstract
  • 7.Reissinger A, Ludwig M, Utsch B et al. Novel NCCT gene mutations as a cause of Gitelman’s syndrome and a systematic review of mutant and polymorphic NCCT alleles. Kidney Blood Press Res 2002;25:354-362.
  • 8.Hansen KW, Mosekilde L. [Gitelman syndrome: an overlooked disease with chronic hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia in adults]. Ugeskr Laeger 2003;165:1123-1127.View Abstract
  • 9.Rude RK. Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22:377-395.View Abstract
  • 10.Abbott LG, Rude RK. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19:314-322.View Abstract
  • 11.Nadler JL, Buchanan T, Natarajan R et al. Magnesium deficiency produces insulin resistance and increased thromboxane synthesis. Hypertension 1993;21:1024-1029.View Abstract
  • 12.Seelig MS. Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review). J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:429-446.View Abstract
  • 13.Koivisto M, Valta P, Hockerstedt K, Lindgren L. Magnesium depletion in chronic terminal liver cirrhosis. Clin Transplant 2002;16:325-328.View Abstract
  • 14.Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Gueux E et al. A new in vitro blood load test using a magnesium stable isotope for assessment of magnesium status. J Nutr 2003;133:1220-1223.View Abstract
  • 15.Haigney MC, Silver B, Tanglao E et al. Noninvasive measurement of tissue magnesium and correlation with cardiac levels. Circulation 1995;92:2190-2197.View Abstract
  • 16.Clark BA, Brown RS. Unsuspected morbid hypermagnesemia in elderly patients. Am J Nephrol 1992;12:336-343.View Abstract
  • 17.Alamoudi OS. Hypomagnesaemia in chronic, stable asthmatics: prevalence, correlation with severity and hospitalization. Eur Respir J 2000;16:427-431.View Abstract
  • 18.Okayama H, Aikawa T, Okayama M et al. Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in bronchial asthma. Jama 1987;257:1076-1078.View Abstract
  • 19.Bloch H, Silverman R, Mancherje N et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate as an adjunct in the treatment of acute asthma. Chest 1995;107:1576-1581.View Abstract
  • 20.Ciarallo L, Brousseau D, Reinert S. Higher-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for children with moderate to severe acute asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:979-983.View Abstract
  • 21.Lipworth BJ, Clark RA, Fraser CG, McDevitt DG. The biochemical effects of high-dose inhaled salbutamol in patients with asthma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36:357-360.View Abstract
  • 22.Rolla G, Bucca C, Bugiani M et al. Hypomagnesemia in chronic obstructive lung disease: effect of therapy. Magnes Trace Elem 1990;9:132-136.View Abstract
  • 23.Meral A, Coker M, Tanac R. Inhalation therapy with magnesium sulfate and salbutamol sulfate in bronchial asthma. Turk J Pediatr 1996;38:169-175.View Abstract
  • 24.Nannini LJ Jr, Pendino JC, Corna RA et al. Magnesium sulfate as a vehicle for nebulized salbutamol in acute asthma. Am J Med 2000;108:193-197.View Abstract
  • 25.Rolla G, Bucca C, Brussino L, Colagrande P. Effect of intravenous magnesium infusion on salbutamol-induced bronchodilatation in patients with asthma. Magnes Res 1994;7:129-133.View Abstract
  • 26.Hughes R, Goldkorn A, Masoli M et al. Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2114-2117.View Abstract
  • 27.Blitz M, Blitz S, Beasely R et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD003898.View Abstract
  • 28.Jacobson ED, Faloon WW. Malasorptive effects of neomycin in commonly used doses. JAMA 1961;175:187-190.View Abstract
  • 29.Roe DA. Drug-Induced Nutritional Deficiencies. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn: Avi Publishing; 1985.
  • 30.Kang HS, Kerstan D, Dai L et al. Aminoglycosides inhibit hormone-stimulated Mg2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000;78:595-602.View Abstract
  • 31.Kes P, Reiner Z. Symptomatic hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy. Magnes Trace Elem 1990;9:54-60.View Abstract
  • 32.McLean RM. Magnesium and its therapeutic uses: a review. Am J Med 1994;96:63-76.View Abstract
  • 33.Mazze RI, Cousins MJ. Combined nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and methoxyflurane anaesthesia in man: a case report. Br J Anaesth 1973;45:394-398.View Abstract
  • 34.Valdivieso A, Mardones JM, Loyola MS, Cubillos AM. [Hypomagnesemia associated with hypokalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic alkalosis: possible complication of gentamicin therapy]. Rev Med Chil 1992;120:914-919.
  • 35.Parsons PP, Garland HO, Harpur ES, Old S. Acute gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria in the rat: dose-response relationship and role of renal tubular injury. Br J Pharmacol 1997;122:570-576.View Abstract
  • 36.Alexandridis G, Liberopoulos E, Elisaf M. Aminoglycoside-induced reversible tubular dysfunction. Pharmacology 2003;67:118-120.View Abstract
  • 37.Barr GA, Mazze RI, Cousins MJ, Kosek JC. An animal model for combined methoxyflurane and gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Br J Anaesth 1973;45:306-312.View Abstract
  • 38.Garland HO, Birdsey TJ, Davidge CG et al. Effects of gentamicin, neomycin and tobramycin on renal calcium and magnesium handling in two rat strains. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994;21:109-115.View Abstract
  • 39.Keating MJ, Sethi MR, Bodey GP, Samaan NA. Hypocalcemia with hypoparathyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside therapy. Cancer 1977;39:1410-1414.View Abstract
  • 40.Akbar A, Rees JH, Nyamugunduru G et al. Aminoglycoside-associated hypomagnesaemia in children with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:783-785.View Abstract
  • 41.Kelnar CJ, Taor WS, Reynolds DJ et al. Hypomagnesaemic hypocalcaemia with hypokalaemia caused by treatment with high dose gentamicin. Arch Dis Child 1978;53:817-820.View Abstract
  • 42.Slayton W, Anstine D, Lakhdir F et al. Tetany in a child with AIDS receiving intravenous tobramycin. South Med J 1996;89:1108-1110.View Abstract
  • 43.Adams JP, Conway SP, Wilson C. Hypomagnesaemic tetany associated with repeated courses of intravenous tobramycin in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 1998;92:602-604.View Abstract
  • 44.Hurwitz A. Antacid therapy and drug kinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1977;2:269-280.View Abstract
  • 45.Schmidt ME, Kruesi MJ, Elia J et al. Effect of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on calcium and magnesium concentration in hyperactive boys. Psychiatry Res 1994;54:199-210.View Abstract
  • 46.Arnold LE. Alternative treatments for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;931:310-341.View Abstract
  • 47.Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res 1997;10:143-148.View Abstract
  • 48.Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res 1997;10:149-156.View Abstract
  • 49.Mayer J, Doubek M, Vorlicek J. Must we really fear toxicity of conventional amphotericin B in oncological patients? Support Care Cancer 1999;7:51-55.
  • 50.Barton CH, Pahl M, Vaziri ND, Cesario T. Renal magnesium wasting associated with amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 1984;77:471-474.View Abstract
  • 51.Mayer J, Doubek M, Doubek J et al. Reduced nephrotoxicity of conventional amphotericin B therapy after minimal nephroprotective measures: animal experiments and clinical study. J Infect Dis 2002;186:379-388.View Abstract
  • 52.Doubek M, Mayer J, Horky D. [Safety of long-term administration of conventional amphotericin B in oncology patients]. Cas Lek Cesk 2002;141:156-159.View Abstract
  • 53.Kline S, Larsen TA, Fieber L et al. Limited toxicity of prolonged therapy with high doses of amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1154-1158.View Abstract
  • 54.Oravcova E, Mistrik M, Sakalova A et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex to treat invasive fungal infections in cancer patients: report of efficacy and safety in 20 patients. Chemotherapy 1995;41:473-476.View Abstract
  • 55.Gulati M, Bajad S, Singh S et al. Development of liposomal amphotericin B formulation. J Microencapsul 1998;15:137-151.View Abstract
  • 56.Davies SV, Murray JA. Amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, and hypomagnesaemic tetany. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1986;292:1395-1396.View Abstract
  • 57.Narita M, Itakura O, Ishiguro N, Togashi T. Hypomagnesaemia-associated tetany due to intravenous administration of amphotericin B. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:421-422.View Abstract
  • 58.Marcus N, Garty BZ. Transient hypoparathyroidism due to amphotericin B–induced hypomagnesemia in a patient with beta-thalassemia. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1042-1044.View Abstract
  • 59.Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension 1998;32:260-265.View Abstract
  • 60.Gaspar AZ, Gasser P, Flammer J. The influence of magnesium on visual field and peripheral vasospasm in glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 1995;209:11-13.View Abstract
  • 61.Goto K, Yasue H, Okumura K et al. Magnesium deficiency detected by intravenous loading test in variant angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:709-712.View Abstract
  • 62.Mervaala EM, Malmberg L, Teravainen TL et al. Influence of dietary salts on the cardiovascular effects of low-dose combination of ramipril and felodipine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1998;123:195-204.View Abstract
  • 63.Davis WB, Wells SR, Kuller JA, Thorp JM Jr. Analysis of the risks associated with calcium channel blockade: implications for the obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997;52:198-201.View Abstract
  • 64.Snyder SW, Cardwell MS. Neuromuscular blockade with magnesium sulfate and nifedipine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:35-36.View Abstract
  • 65.Ben-Ami M, Giladi Y, Shalev E. The combination of magnesium sulphate and nifedipine: a cause of neuromuscular blockade. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:262-263.View Abstract
  • 66.Waisman GD, Mayorga LM, Camera MI et al. Magnesium plus nifedipine: potentiation of hypotensive effect in preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:308-309.
  • 67.Toffaletti J, Cooper DL, Lobaugh B. The response of parathyroid hormone to specific changes in either ionized calcium, ionized magnesium, or protein-bound calcium in humans. Metabolism 1991;40:814-818.
  • 68.Koch Nogueira PC, Hadj-Aissa A, Schell M et al. Long-term nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and methotrexate in osteosarcoma. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:572-575.View Abstract
  • 69.Skinner R, Pearson AD, English MW et al. Cisplatin dose rate as a risk factor for nephrotoxicity in children. Br J Cancer 1998;77:1677-1682.View Abstract
  • 70.Lajer H, Daugaard G. Cisplatin and hypomagnesemia. Cancer Treat Rev 1999;25:47-58.View Abstract
  • 71.Markmann M, Rothman R, Reichman B et al. Persistent hypomagnesemia following cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991;117:89-90.View Abstract
  • 72.Buckley JE, Clark VL, Meyer TJ, Pearlman NW. Hypomagnesemia after cisplatin combination chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:2347-2348.View Abstract
  • 73.Whang R, Whang DD, Ryan MP. Refractory potassium repletion: a consequence of magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:40-45.View Abstract
  • 74.Kibirige MS, Morris-Jones PH, Addison GM. Prevention of cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1988;5:1-6.View Abstract
  • 75.Rodriguez M, Solanki DL, Whang R. Refractory potassium repletion due to cisplatin-induced magnesium depletion. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2592-2594.View Abstract
  • 76.Van de Loosdrecht AA, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT. Seizures in a patient with disseminated testicular cancer due to cisplatin-induced hypomagnesaemia. Acta Oncol 2000;39:239-240.View Abstract
  • 77.Roe DA. Drug-Induced Nutritional Deficiencies. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn: Avi Publishing; 1985.
  • 78.Simeckova A, Neradilova M, Reisenauer R. Effect of prednisolone on the rat bone calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. Physiol Bohemoslov 1985;34:155-160.View Abstract
  • 79.Atkinson SA, Halton JM, Bradley C et al. Bone and mineral abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: influence of disease, drugs and nutrition. Int J Cancer Suppl 1998;11:35-39.View Abstract
  • 80.Cashman KD, Flynn A. Optimal nutrition: calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58:477-487.View Abstract
  • 81.Naggar VF, Khalil SA, Gouda MW. Effect of concomitant administration of magnesium trisilicate on GI absorption of dexamethasone in humans. J Pharm Sci 1978;67:1029-1030.View Abstract
  • 82.Gijtenbeek JM, van den Bent MJ, Vecht CJ. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol 1999;246:339-346.View Abstract
  • 83.Thompson CB, June CH, Sullivan KM, Thomas ED. Association between cyclosporine neurotoxicity and hypomagnesaemia. Lancet 1984;324:1116-1120.
  • 84.June CH, Thompson CB, Kennedy MS et al. Profound hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting associated with the use of cyclosporine for marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1985;39:620-624.View Abstract
  • 85.June CH, Thompson CB, Kennedy MS et al. Correlation of hypomagnesemia with the onset of cyclosporine-associated hypertension in marrow transplant patients. Transplantation 1986;41:47-51.View Abstract
  • 86.Barton CH, Vaziri ND, Martin DC et al. Hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine. Am J Med 1987;83:693-699.View Abstract
  • 87.Rahman MA, Ing TS. Cyclosporine and magnesium metabolism. J Lab Clin Med 1989;114:213-214.View Abstract
  • 88.Kaiser W, Biesenbach G, Kramer E, Zazgornik J. Magnesium after renal transplantation: comparison between cyclosporine A and conventional immunosuppression. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989;252:297-302.
  • 89.Nozue T, Kobayashi A, Kodama T et al. Pathogenesis of cyclosporine-induced hypomagnesemia. J Pediatr 1992;120:638-640.View Abstract
  • 90.Vannini SD, Mazzola BL, Rodoni L et al. Permanently reduced plasma ionized magnesium among renal transplant recipients on cyclosporine. Transpl Int 1999;12:244-249.
  • 91.Pere AK, Lindgren L, Tuomainen P et al. Dietary potassium and magnesium supplementation in cyclosporine-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2000;58:2462-2472.View Abstract
  • 92.Derici U, Arinsoy T, Sindel S et al. Cyclosporine-A induced neurotoxicity after renal transplantation. Acta Neurol Belg 2001;101:124-127.View Abstract
  • 93.Miura K, Nakatani T, Asai T et al. Role of hypomagnesemia in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Transplantation 2002;73:340-347.View Abstract
  • 94.Thakur V, Kumar R, Dhawan IK. Correlation between serum magnesium and blood cyclosporine A concentrations in renal transplant recipients. Ann Clin Biochem 2002;39:70-72.
  • 95.Pere AK, Krogerus L, Mervaala EM et al. Beneficial effects of dietary magnesium and potassium on cardiac and renal morphologic features in cyclosporin A–induced damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Surgery 2000;128:67-75.View Abstract
  • 96.Asai T, Nakatani T, Yamanaka S et al. Magnesium supplementation prevents experimental chronic cyclosporine a nephrotoxicity via renin-angiotensin system independent mechanism. Transplantation 2002;74:784-791.View Abstract
  • 97.Asai T, Nakatani T, Tamada S et al. Activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: role in beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. Transplantation 2003;75:1040-1044.View Abstract
  • 98.Ozkaya O, Kalman S, Bakkaloglu S et al. Cyclosporine-associated facial paralysis in a child with renal transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17:544-546.View Abstract
  • 99.Al-Rasheed AK, Blaser SI, Minassian BA et al. Cyclosporine A neurotoxicity in a patient with idiopathic renal magnesium wasting. Pediatr Neurol 2000;23:353-356.View Abstract
  • 100.Kupfer S, Kosovsky JD. Effects of cardiac glycosides on renal tubular transport of calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, and glucose in the dog. J Clin Invest 1965;44:1132-1143.View Abstract
  • 101.Whang R, Oei TO, Watanabe A. Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patients receiving digitalis. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:655-656.View Abstract
  • 102.Toffaletti J. Electrolytes, divalent cations, and blood gases (magnesium). Analyt Chem 1991;63:192R-194R.
  • 103.Crippa G, Sverzellati E, Giorgi-Pierfranceschi M, Carrara GC. Magnesium and cardiovascular drugs: interactions and therapeutic role. Ann Ital Med Int 1999;14:40-45.View Abstract
  • 104.Whang R, Flink EB, Dyckner T et al. Magnesium depletion as a cause of refractory potassium repletion. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1686-1689.View Abstract
  • 105.Seelig M. Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations: magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:4G-21G.View Abstract
  • 106.Cohen L, Kitzes R. Magnesium sulfate and digitalis-toxic arrhythmias. JAMA 1983;249:2808-2810.View Abstract
  • 107.Landauer JA. Magnesium deficiency and digitalis toxicity. JAMA 1984;251:730.View Abstract
  • 108.Lewis R, Durnin C, McLay J et al. Magnesium deficiency may be an important determinant of ventricular ectopy in digitalised patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:200-203.View Abstract
  • 109.Brown DD, Juhl RP. Decreased bioavailability of digoxin due to antacids and kaolin-pectin. N Engl J Med 1976;295:1034-1037.View Abstract
  • 110.Greenblatt DJ, Duhme DW, Koch-Weser J, Smith TW. Evaluation of digoxin bioavailability in single-dose studies. N Engl J Med 1973;289:651-654.View Abstract
  • 111.McElnay JC, Harron DW, D’Arcy PF, Eagle MR. Interaction of digoxin with antacid constituents. Br Med J 1978;1:1554.
  • 112.D’Arcy PF, McElnay JC. Drug-antacid interactions: assessment of clinical importance. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987;21:607-617.
  • 113.Kinlay S, Buckley NA. Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias due to digoxin toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995;33:55-59.View Abstract
  • 114.Davies DL, Lant AF, Millard NR et al. Renal action, therapeutic use, and pharmacokinetics of the diuretic bumetanide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;15:141-155.View Abstract
  • 115.Abrams J. Intramuscular bumetanide and furosemide in congestive heart failure. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21:673-679.View Abstract
  • 116.Ryan MP, Devane J, Ryan MF, Counihan TB. Effects of diuretics on the renal handling of magnesium. Drugs 1984;28 Suppl 1:167-181.View Abstract
  • 117.Ryan MP. Magnesium and potassium-sparing diuretics. Magnesium 1986;5:282-292.View Abstract
  • 118.Kroenke K, Wood DR, Hanley JF. The value of serum magnesium determination in hypertensive patients receiving diuretics. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1553-1556.View Abstract
  • 119.Martin BJ, Milligan K. Diuretic-associated hypomagnesemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1768-1771.View Abstract
  • 120.Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Wynne RD, van der Byl K. Renal excretory actions of furosemide, of hydrochlorothiazide and of the vasodilator flosequinan in healthy subjects. J Int Med Res 1990;18:120-141.View Abstract
  • 121.Quamme GA. Renal magnesium handling: new insights in understanding old problems. Kidney Int 1997;52:1180-1195.View Abstract
  • 122.Dai LJ, Friedman PA, Quamme GA. Cellular mechanisms of chlorothiazide and cellular potassium depletion on Mg2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells. Kidney Int 1997;51:1008-1017.View Abstract
  • 123.Schwinger RH, Erdmann E. Heart failure and electrolyte disturbances. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1992;14:315-325.View Abstract
  • 124.Oladapo OO, Falase AO. Serum and urinary magnesium during treatment of patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000;29:301-303.
  • 125.Oladapo OO, Falase AO. Congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias in relation to serum magnesium. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000;29:265-268.View Abstract
  • 126.Iseri LT, Freed J, Bures AR. Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders. Am J Med 1975;58:837-846.View Abstract
  • 127.Dyckner T, Wester PO. Potassium/magnesium depletion in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 1987;82:11-17.View Abstract
  • 128.Ruml LA, Pak CY. Effect of potassium magnesium citrate on thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:107-113.View Abstract
  • 129.Dorup I. Magnesium and potassium deficiency: its diagnosis, occurrence and treatment in diuretic therapy and its consequences for growth, protein synthesis and growth factors. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1994;618:1-55.View Abstract
  • 130.Douban S, Brodsky MA, Whang DD, Whang R. Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1996;132:664-671.View Abstract
  • 131.Cohen N, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Zaidenstein R et al. Serum magnesium aberrations in furosemide (frusemide) treated patients with congestive heart failure: pathophysiological correlates and prognostic evaluation. Heart 2003;89:411-416.View Abstract
  • 132.Dorup I, Skajaa K, Thybo NK. [Oral magnesium supplementation to patients receiving diuretics: normalization of magnesium, potassium and sodium, and potassium pumps in the skeletal muscles]. Ugeskr Laeger 1994;156:4007-4010, 4013.View Abstract
  • 133.Ruml LA, Gonzalez G, Taylor R et al. Effect of varying doses of potassium-magnesium citrate on thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss. Am J Ther 1999;6:45-50.View Abstract
  • 134.Cohen N, Alon I, Almoznino-Sarafian D et al. Metabolic and clinical effects of oral magnesium supplementation in furosemide-treated patients with severe congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2000;23:433-436.View Abstract
  • 135.Hollenberg NK, Mickiewicz C. Hyperkalemia in diabetes mellitus: effect of a triamterene-hydrochlorothiazide combination. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1327-1330.View Abstract
  • 136.Seelig MS. Increased need for magnesium with the use of combined oestrogen and calcium for osteoporosis treatment. Magnes Res 1990;3:197-215.View Abstract
  • 137.Blum M, Kitai E, Ariel Y et al. [Oral contraceptive lowers serum magnesium]. Harefuah 1991;121:363-364.View Abstract
  • 138.Seelig MS. Interrelationship of magnesium and estrogen in cardiovascular and bone disorders, eclampsia, migraine and premenstrual syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:442-458.View Abstract
  • 139.Tyrer LB. Nutrition and the pill. J Reprod Med 1984;29:547-550.View Abstract
  • 140.Stanton MF, Lowenstein FW. Serum magnesium in women during pregnancy, while taking contraceptives, and after menopause. J Am Coll Nutr 1987;6:313-319.
  • 141.Muneyyirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, Dalloul M et al. Serum ionized magnesium and calcium in women after menopause: inverse relation of estrogen with ionized magnesium. Fertil Steril 1999;71:869-872.View Abstract
  • 142.Olatunbosun DA, Adeniyi FA, Adadevoh BK. Effect of oral contraceptives on serum magnesium levels. Int J Fertil 1974;19:224-226.View Abstract
  • 143.Hameed A, Majeed T, Rauf S et al. Effect of oral and injectable contraceptives on serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in women. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2001;13:24-25.View Abstract
  • 144.Herzberg M, Lusky A, Blonder J, Frenkel Y. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on zinc in serum and urine. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:1035-1040.View Abstract
  • 145.Abraham GE, Lubran MM. Serum and red cell magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2364-2366.View Abstract
  • 146.Sherwood RA, Rocks BF, Stewart A, Saxton RS. Magnesium and the premenstrual syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 1986;23(Pt 6):667-670.View Abstract
  • 147.Nicholas A. Traitement du syndrome pre-menstruel et de la dysmenorrhee par l’ion magnesium. In: Durlach J, ed. First International Symposium on Magnesium Deficit in Human Pathology. Paris: Springer-Verlag; 1973:261-263.
  • 148.Facchinetti F, Borella P, Sances G et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:177-181.View Abstract
  • 149.Koinig H, Wallner T, Marhofer P et al. Magnesium sulfate reduces intra- and postoperative analgesic requirements. Anesth Analg 1998;87:206-210.View Abstract
  • 150.Polk RE. Drug-drug interactions with ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. Am J Med 1989;87:76S-81S.View Abstract
  • 151.Gugler R, Allgayer H. Effects of antacids on the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;18:210-219.View Abstract
  • 152.Shimada J, Shiba K, Oguma T et al. Effect of antacid on absorption of the quinolone lomefloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:1219-1224.View Abstract
  • 153.Shiba K, Sakamoto M, Nakazawa Y, Sakai O. Effects of antacid on absorption and excretion of new quinolones. Drugs 1995;49 Suppl 2:360-361.View Abstract
  • 154.Fish DN, Chow AT. The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;32:101-119.View Abstract
  • 155.Grasela TH Jr, Schentag JJ, Sedman AJ et al. Inhibition of enoxacin absorption by antacids or ranitidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:615-617.View Abstract
  • 156.Hoffken G, Lode H., Wiley R. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin: effect of food and antacid intake. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:S138-S139.
  • 157.Nix DE, Watson WA, Lener ME et al. Effects of aluminum and magnesium antacids and ranitidine on the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;46:700-705.View Abstract
  • 158.Kara M, Hasinoff BB, McKay DW, Campbell NR. Clinical and chemical interactions between iron preparations and ciprofloxacin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:257-261.
  • 159.Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: a common cause of drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:251-255.View Abstract
  • 160.Brouwers JR. Drug interactions with quinolone antibacterials. Drug Saf 1992;7:268-281.View Abstract
  • 161.Shiba K, Sakai O, Shimada J et al. Effects of antacids, ferrous sulfate, and ranitidine on absorption of DR-3355 in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2270-2274.View Abstract
  • 162.Teixeira MH, Vilas-Boas LF, Gil VM, Teixeira F. Complexes of ciprofloxacin with metal ions contained in antacid drugs. J Chemother 1995;7:126-132.View Abstract
  • 163.Mizuki Y, Fujiwara I, Yamaguchi T. Pharmacokinetic interactions related to the chemical structures of fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37 Suppl A:41-55.View Abstract
  • 164.Teng R, Dogolo LC, Willavize SA et al. Effect of Maalox and omeprazole on the bioavailability of trovafloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39 Suppl B:93-97.View Abstract
  • 165.Balfour JA, Wiseman LR. Moxifloxacin. Drugs 1999;57:363-373; discussion 374.View Abstract
  • 166.Li RC, Lo KN, Lam JS, Lau PY. Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. J Chemother 1999;11:243-247.View Abstract
  • 167.Hoffken G, Borner K, Glatzel PD et al. Reduced enteral absorption of ciprofloxacin in the presence of antacids. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985;4:345.View Abstract
  • 168.Schentag JJ, Watson WA, Nix DE et al. Time-dependent interactions between antacids and quinolone antibiotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43:135.
  • 169.Noyes M, Polk RE. Norfloxacin and absorption of magnesium-aluminum. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:168-169.View Abstract
  • 170.Nix DE, Wilton JH, Ronald B et al. Inhibition of norfloxacin absorption by antacids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:432-435.View Abstract
  • 171.Roush MK, Dupuis RE. Significance of the ciprofloxacin-antacid interaction. DICP1991;25:473-475.
  • 172.Lomaestro BM, Bailie GR. Quinolone-cation interactions: a review. DICP 1991;25:1249-1258.View Abstract
  • 173.Nightingale CH. Pharmacokinetic considerations in quinolone therapy. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:34S-38S.View Abstract
  • 174.Stass H, Bottcher MF, Ochmann K. Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40 Suppl 1:39-48.View Abstract
  • 175.Noormohamed FH, Youle MS, Tang B et al. Foscarnet-induced changes in plasma concentrations of total and ionized calcium and magnesium in HIV-positive patients. Antivir Ther 1996;1:172-179.View Abstract
  • 176.Huycke MM, Naguib MT, Stroemmel MM et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of intravenous magnesium sulfate for foscarnet-induced ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2143-2148.View Abstract
  • 177.Mylonakis E, Kallas WM, Fishman JA. Combination antiviral therapy for ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1337-1341.View Abstract
  • 178.Gearhart MO, Sorg TB. Foscarnet-induced severe hypomagnesemia and other electrolyte disorders. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:285-289.View Abstract
  • 179.Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997;277:472-477.View Abstract
  • 180.Paolisso G, Scheen A, D’Onofrio F, Lefebvre P. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 1990;33:511-514.
  • 181.Magnesium supplementation in the treatment of diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1065-1067.
  • 182.De Valk HW. Magnesium in diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med 1999;54:139-146.View Abstract
  • 183.Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Pizza G et al. Improved insulin response and action by chronic magnesium administration in aged NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1989;12:265-269.View Abstract
  • 184.Lima Mde L, Cruz T, Pousada JC et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:682-686.
  • 185.Eibl NL, Kopp HP, Nowak HR et al. Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: effect of a 3-month replacement therapy. Diabetes Care 1995;18:188-192.View Abstract
  • 186.Johnsen SP, Husted SE, Ravn HB et al. [Magnesium supplementation to patients with type II diabetes]. Ugeskr Laeger 1999;161:945-948.View Abstract
  • 187.Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Gambardella A et al. Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:1161-1167.View Abstract
  • 188.Smellie WS, O’Reilly DS, Martin BJ, Santamaria J. Magnesium replacement and glucose tolerance in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:594-596.
  • 189.Sjogren A, Floren CH, Nilsson A. Oral administration of magnesium hydroxide to subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on magnesium and potassium levels and on insulin requirements. Magnesium 1988;7:117-122.View Abstract
  • 190.De Valk HW, Verkaaik R, van Rijn HJ et al. Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1998;15:503-507.View Abstract
  • 191.McNair P, Christiansen C, Madsbad S et al. Hypomagnesemia, a risk factor in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1978;27:1075-1077.View Abstract
  • 192.De Valk HW, Hardus PL, van Rijn HJ, Erkelens DW. Plasma magnesium concentration and progression of retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1999;22:864-865.View Abstract
  • 193.Birch NJ, Hughes MS. Lithium and magnesium-dependent processes in glucose metabolism. Physiologie 1989;26:25-29.View Abstract
  • 194.Ramasamy R, de Freitas DM. Competition between Li+ and Mg2+ for ATP in human erythrocytes: a 31P NMR and optical spectroscopy study. FEBS Lett 1989;244:223-226.
  • 195.Padiyar GS, Seshadri TP. Metal-nucleotide interactions: crystal structures of alkali (Li+, Na+, K+) and alkaline earth (Ca2+, Mg2+) metal complexes of adenosine 2′-monophosphate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1998;15:803-821.View Abstract
  • 196.Nielsen J. Magnesium-lithium studies. 1. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium in patients with manic states during lithium treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1964;40:190-196.View Abstract
  • 197.Nielsen J. Magnesium-lithium studies. 2. The effect of lithium on serum magnesium in rabbits. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1964;40:197-202.View Abstract
  • 198.Herzberg L, Herzeberg B. Mood change and magnesium: a possible interaction between magnesium and lithium? J Nerv Ment Dis 1977;165:423-426.
  • 199.Goode DL, Newton DW, Ueda CT et al. Effect of antacid on the bioavailability of lithium carbonate. Clin Pharm 1984;3:284-287.
  • 200.Holt GA. Food and Drug Interactions. Chicago: Precept Press; 1998.
  • 201.Garris RE, Kirkwood CF. Misoprostol: a prostaglandin E1 analogue. Clin Pharm 1989;8:627-644.View Abstract
  • 202.Morris R, Giesecke AH. Potentiation of muscle relaxants by magnesium sulphate in toxemia of pregnancy. South Med J 1968;61:25.
  • 203.Ghoneim MM, Long JP. The interaction between magnesium and other neuromuscular blocking agents. Anesthesiology 1970;32:23-27.
  • 204.Sinatra RS, Philip BK, Naulty JS, Ostheimer GW. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium in a patient treated with magnesium sulfate. Anesth Analg 1985;64:1220-1222.View Abstract
  • 205.Baraka A, Yazigi A. Neuromuscular interaction of magnesium with succinylcholine-vecuronium sequence in the eclamptic parturient. Anesthesiology 1987;67:806-808.View Abstract
  • 206.Ip-Yam C, Allsop E. Abnormal response to suxamethonium in a patient receiving magnesium therapy. Anaesthesia 1994;49:355-356.View Abstract
  • 207.Gaiser RR, Seem EH. Use of rocuronium in a pregnant patient with an open eye injury, receiving magnesium medication, for preterm labour. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:669-671.View Abstract
  • 208.Feldman S, Karalliedde L. Drug interactions with neuromuscular blockers. Drug Saf 1996;15:261-273.View Abstract
  • 209.Osman MA, Patel RB, Schuna A et al. Reduction in oral penicillamine absorption by food, antacid, and ferrous sulfate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983;33:465-470.View Abstract
  • 210.Seelig MS. Auto-immune complications of d-penicillamine: a possible result of zinc and magnesium depletion and of pyridoxine inactivation. J Am Coll Nutr 1982;1:207-214.View Abstract
  • 211.Zhang Y, Li Z, Pilch DS, Leibowitz MJ. Pentamidine inhibits catalytic activity of group I intron Ca.LSU by altering RNA folding. Nucleic Acids Res 2002;30:2961-2971.View Abstract
  • 212.Cortes E, Jufresa J, Falco V, Ribera E. [Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia associated with the treatment with pentamidine in 2 patients with HIV infection]. Med Clin (Barc) 1996;106:717.View Abstract
  • 213.Otsuka M, Kanamori H, Sasaki S et al. Torsades de pointes complicating pentamidine therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acute myelogenous leukemia. Intern Med 1997;36:705-708.View Abstract
  • 214.Po SS, Wang DW, Yang IC et al. Modulation of HERG potassium channels by extracellular magnesium and quinidine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;33:181-185.View Abstract
  • 215.Sadowski DC. Drug interactions with antacids: mechanisms and clinical significance. Drug Saf 1994;11:395-407.View Abstract
  • 216.Bunchman TE, Wood EG, Schenck MH et al. Pretreatment of formula with sodium polystyrene sulfonate to reduce dietary potassium intake. Pediatr Nephrol 1991;5:29-32.View Abstract
  • 217.Laer S, Neumann J, Scholz H. Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;43:269-272.
  • 218.Stark G, Schwarzl I, Heiden U et al. Magnesium abolishes inadequate kinetics of frequency adaptation of the Q-aT interval in the presence of sotalol. Cardiovasc Res 1997;35:43-51.View Abstract
  • 219.Frick M, Darpo B, Ostergren J, Rosenqvist M. The effect of oral magnesium, alone or as an adjuvant to sotalol, after cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1177-1185.View Abstract
  • 220.Forlani S, De Paulis R, de Notaris S et al. Combination of sotalol and magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:720-725; discussion 725-726.View Abstract
  • 221.Arstall MA, Hii JT, Lehman RG, Horowitz JD. Sotalol-induced torsade de pointes: management with magnesium infusion. Postgrad Med J 1992;68:289-290.View Abstract
  • 222.Sasse M, Paul T, Bergmann P, Kallfelz HC. Sotalol associated torsades de pointes tachycardia in a 15-month-old child: successful therapy with magnesium aspartate. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:1164-1166.View Abstract
  • 223.Lehto P, Laine K, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of pH on the in-vitro dissolution of three second-generation sulphonylurea preparations: mechanism of antacid-sulphonylurea interaction. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996;48:899-901.View Abstract
  • 224.Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Enhancement of absorption and effect of glipizide by magnesium hydroxide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:39-43.View Abstract
  • 225.Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. The effects of magnesium hydroxide on the absorption and efficacy of two glibenclamide preparations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;32:215-220.View Abstract
  • 226.Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Enhancement of drug absorption by antacids: an unrecognised drug interaction. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;27:120-128.View Abstract
  • 227.McBain AM, Brown IR, Menzies DG, Campbell IW. Effects of improved glycaemic control on calcium and magnesium homeostasis in type II diabetes. J Clin Pathol 1988;41:933-935.View Abstract
  • 228.McCarty MF. Exploiting complementary therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type II diabetes and prevention of its complications. Med Hypotheses 1997;49:143-152.View Abstract
  • 229.Neuvonen PJ. Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines. Drugs 1976;11:45-54.View Abstract
  • 230.Berthon G, Brion M, Lambs L. Metal ion-tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. 2. Potentiometric study of magnesium complexes with tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, and discussion of their possible influence on the bioavailability of these antibiotics in blood plasma. J Inorg Biochem 1983;19:1-18.View Abstract
  • 231.Lambs L, Brion M, Berthon G. Metal ion–tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 3. Formation of mixed-metal ternary complexes of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline with calcium and magnesium, and their involvement in the bioavailability of these antibiotics in blood plasma. Agents Actions 1984;14:743-750.View Abstract
  • 232.Brion M, Lambs L, Berthon G. Metal ion–tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 5. Formation of zinc complexes with tetracycline and some of its derivatives and assessment of their biological significance. Agents Actions 1985;17:229-242.View Abstract
  • 233.Lambs L, Venturini M, Decock-Le Reverend B et al. Metal ion–tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 8. Potentiometric and spectroscopic studies on the formation of Ca(II) and Mg(II) complexes with 4-dedimethylamino-tetracycline and 6-desoxy-6-demethyl-tetracycline. J Inorg Biochem 1988;33:193-210.View Abstract
  • 234.Machado FC, Demicheli C, Garnier-Suillerot A, Beraldo H. Metal complexes of anhydrotetracycline. 2. Absorption and circular dichroism study of Mg(II), Al(III), and Fe(III) complexes: possible influence of the Mg(II) complex on the toxic side effects of tetracycline. J Inorg Biochem 1995;60:163-173.View Abstract
  • 235.Hines Burnham T et al. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 2000:1286.
  • 236.Sifton DW, ed. Physicians’ Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000:1535-1537.
  • 237.Rayssiguier Y. Hypomagnesemia resulting from adrenaline infusion in ewes: its relation to lipolysis. Horm Metab Res 1977;9:309-314.View Abstract
  • 238.Smith SR, Gove I, Kendall MJ. Beta agonists and potassium. Lancet 1985;1:1394-1395.
  • 239.Flack JM, Ryder KW, Strickland D, Whang R. Metabolic correlates of theophylline therapy: a concentration-related phenomenon. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:175-179.View Abstract
  • 240.Hall KW, Dobson KE, Dalton JG et al. Metabolic abnormalities associated with intentional theophylline overdose. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:457-462.View Abstract
  • 241.Flink EB. Magnesium deficiency in human subjects: a personal historical perspective. J Am Coll Nutr 1985;4:17-31.View Abstract
  • 242.Hagley MT, Traeger SM, Schuckman H. Pronounced metabolic response to modest theophylline overdose. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:195-196.View Abstract
  • 243.Iannello S, Spina M, Leotta P et al. Hypomagnesemia and smooth muscle contractility: diffuse esophageal spasm in an old female patient. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1998;24:348-356.View Abstract
  • 244.Chevalier B, le Heuzey JY, Colombel B et al. [Ventricular tachycardia during theophylline overdose: apropos of a case of reduction by magnesium chloride]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1990;83:569-573.
  • 245.Chugh K. Acute asthma in emergency room. Indian J Pediatr 2003;70 Suppl 1:S28-S33.View Abstract
  • 246.Bighley LD, Spivey RJ. Chelates of dicumarol. I. Preparation and structure identification of magnesium chelate. J Pharm Sci 1977;66:1124-1127.View Abstract
  • 247.Pinto JT. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of foods and drugs. Top Clin Nutr 1991;6:14-33.
  • 248.McElnay JC, Harron DW, D’Arcy PF, Collier PS. The interaction of warfarin with antacid constituents in the gut. Experientia 1979;35:1359-1360.
  • 249.Ambre JJ, Fischer LJ. Effect of coadministration of aluminum and magnesium hydroxides on absorption of anticoagulants in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1973;14:231-237.View Abstract
  • 250.Van der Giesen WF, Wilting J. Analysis of the mechanism of the magnesium effect on the warfarin-albumin interaction. Biochem Pharmacol 1984;33:1679-1681.View Abstract
  • 251.Perez Gallardo L. In vitro effect of Cl2Ca and Cl2Mg on warfarin–human serum albumin (HSA) binding. Magnes Res 1999;12:43-48.View Abstract
  • 252.O’Keeffe S, Grimes H, Finn J et al. Effect of captopril therapy on lymphocyte potassium and magnesium concentrations in patients with congestive heart failure. Cardiology 1992;80:100-105.
  • 253.Lavin F, O’Keeffe S, Grimes H et al. Effect of prolonged nifedipine or captopril therapy on lymphocyte magnesium and potassium levels in hypertension. Cardiology 1993;82:405-408.
  • 254.Watkins DW, Khalafi R, Cassidy MM, Vahouny GV. Alterations in calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc metabolism by dietary cholestyramine. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30:477-482.View Abstract
  • 255.Niebergall PJ, Hussar DA, Cressman WA et al. Metal binding tendencies of various antibiotics. J Pharm Pharmacol 1966;18:729-738.
  • 256.Zhu M, Nix DE, Adam RD et al. Pharmacokinetics of cycloserine under fasting conditions and with high-fat meal, orange juice, and antacids. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:891-897.View Abstract
  • 257.Schindler AM. Isolated neonatal hypomagnesaemia associated with maternal overuse of stool softener. Lancet 1984;2:822.View Abstract
  • 258.Raab W. Cardiotoxic effects of emotional, socioeconomic, and environmental stresses. In: Bajusz E, Rona G, eds. Myocardiology. Vol I. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1970:707-713.
  • 259.Ryzen E, Servis KL, Rude RK. Effect of intravenous epinephrine on serum magnesium and free intracellular red blood cell magnesium concentrations measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9:114-119.View Abstract
  • 260.Herbaczynska-Cedro K, Gajkowska B. Effect of magnesium on myocardial damage induced by epinephrine: ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Cardioscience 1992;3:197-203.View Abstract
  • 261.Delhumeau A, Granry JC, Monrigal JP, Costerousse F. [Indications for the use of magnesium in anesthesia and intensive care]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1995;14:406-416.View Abstract
  • 262.Bachmann KA, Sullivan TJ, Jauregui L et al. Drug interactions of H2-receptor antagonists. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1994;206:14-19.View Abstract
  • 263.Anti-infectives, antimalarial preparations, 4-aminoquinoline compounds. In: Olin B, ed. Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 1993:1913-1916.
  • 264.Peloquin CA, Namdar R, Dodge AA, Nix DE. Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3:703-710.View Abstract
  • 265.Bullingham R, Shah J, Goldblum R, Schiff M. Effects of food and antacid on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of mycophenolate mofetil in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;41:513-516.View Abstract
  • 266.Mannisto P. The effect of crystal size, gastric content and emptying rate on the absorption of nitrofurantoin in healthy human volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 1978;16:223-228.View Abstract
  • 267.Naggar VF, Khalil SA. Effect of magnesium trisilicate on nitrofurantoin absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:857-863.View Abstract
  • 268.Soci MM, Parrott EL. Influence of viscosity on absorption from nitrofurantoin suspensions. J Pharm Sci 1980;69:403-406.View Abstract
  • 269.Devane J, Ryan MP. The effects of amiloride and triamterene on urinary magnesium excretion in conscious saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:285-289.View Abstract
  • 270.Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1875-1880.View Abstract
  • 271.Norman DA, Fordtran JS, Brinkley LJ et al. Jejunal and ileal adaptation to alterations in dietary calcium: changes in calcium and magnesium absorption and pathogenetic role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1599-1603.View Abstract
  • 272.Lewis NM, Marcus MS, Behling AR, Greger JL. Calcium supplements and milk: effects on acid-base balance and on retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:527-533.View Abstract
  • 273.Andon MB, Ilich JZ, Tzagournis MA, Matkovic V. Magnesium balance in adolescent females consuming a low- or high-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:950-953.View Abstract
  • 274.Disch G, Classen HG, Haubold W, Spatling L. Interactions between magnesium and iron: in vitro studies. Arzneimittelforschung 1994;44:647-650.
  • 275.Newhouse IJ, Clement DB, Lai C. Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:562-571.View Abstract
  • 276.Disch G, Classen HG, Spatling L et al. Therapeutic availability of iron administered orally as the ferrous gluconate together with magnesium-l-aspartate hydrochloride. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46:302-306.View Abstract
  • 277.Spencer H, Norris C, Williams D. Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:479-484.View Abstract
  • 278.Lumme JA, Jounela AJ. The effect of potassium and potassium plus magnesium supplementation on ventricular extrasystoles in mild hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Cardiol 1989;25:93-97.View Abstract
  • 279.Majoor CL, de Vries LA. [The development of cardiac beriberi with polyneuritis after protracted use of large amounts of magnesium trisilicate: an unpublished observation by Dr. J. G. G. Borst]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1980;124:1411-1416.View Abstract
  • .[No authors given.] Magnesium supplementation in the treatment of diabetes: American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1992;15(8):1065-1067.
  • .Abbott LG, Rude RK. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19(4-5):314-322. (Review)
  • .Abbott RD, Ando F, Masaki KH, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and the future risk of coronary heart disease (the Honolulu Heart Program). Am J Cardiol 2003;92(6):665-669. 
  • .Abraham AS, Brooks BA, Grafstein Y, et al. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide, diltiazem and enalapril on mononuclear cell sodium and magnesium levels in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:1357-1361.
  • .Akbar A, Rees JH, Nyamugunduru G, et al. Aminoglycoside-associated hypomagnesaemia in children with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 1999;88(7):783-785.
  • .al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24(5):737-752. (Review)
  • .Altura BT, Wilimzig C, Trnovec T, et al. Comparative effects of a Mg-enriched diet and different orally administered magnesium oxide preparations on ionized Mg, Mg metabolism and electrolytes in serum of human volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13(5):447-454.
  • .Amighi J, Sabeti S, Schlager O, et al. Low serum magnesium predicts neurological events in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Stroke 2004;35(1):22-27.
  • .Angus RM, Sambrook PN, Pocock NA, et al, Dietary intake and bone mineral density.Bone Miner 1988;4(3):265-277.
  • .Ariceta G, Rodriguez-Soriano J, Vallo A, et al. Acute and chronic effects of cisplatin therapy on renal magnesium homeostasis. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;28(1):35-40.
  • .Attias J, Weisz G, Almog S, et al. Oral magnesium intake reduces permanent hearing loss induced by noise exposure. Am J Otolaryngol 1994;15(1):26-32.
  • .Barros LF, Chagas AC, da Luz PL, et al. Magnesium treatment of acute myocardial infarction: effects on necrosis in an occlusion/reperfusion dog model. Intl J Cardiol 1995;48(1):3-9.
  • .Bianchetti MG, Kanaka C, Ridolfi-Luthy A, et al. Chronic renal magnesium loss, hypocalciuria and mild hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis after cisplatin. Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4(3):219-222.
  • .Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, et al. Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 2005;128(1):337-344. (Review)
  • .Bo S, Durazzo M, Guidi S, et al. Dietary magnesium and fiber intakes and inflammatory and metabolic indicators in middle-aged subjects from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(5):1062-1069.
  • .Boschert S. Milk of magnesia may help ease urinary urge incontinence. Fam Pract News 2003;33(3):46.
  • .Brewer RP, Parra A, Lynch J, et al. Cerebral blood flow velocity response to magnesium sulfate in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2001;13(3):202-206.
  • .Carpenter TO, Delucia MC, Zhang JH, et al. A randomized controlled study of effects of dietary magnesium oxide supplementation on bone mineral content in healthy girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(12):4866-4872.
  • .Cashman K, Flynn A. Optimal nutrition: calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58:477-487.
  • .Clark BA, Brown RS. Unsuspected morbid hypermagnesemia in elderly patients. Am J Nephrol 1992;12(5):336-343.
  • .Classen HG. Magnesium and potassium deprivation and supplementation in animals and man: aspects in view of intestinal absorption. Magnesium 1984;3(4-6):257-264.
  • .Classen HG, Classen UG, Grimm P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of magnesium salts. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1992;14(4):261-268.
  • .Classen HG, Marquardt P, Spath M, et al. Improvement by chlorine of the intestinal absorption of inorganic and organic Mg compounds and of their protective effect against adrenergic cardiopathy. Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 1975;6:11-19.
  • .Classen HG, Marquardt P, Spath M, et al. Experimental studies on the intestinal uptake of organic and inorganic magnesium and potassium compounds given alone or simultaneously. Arzneimittelforschung 1978;28(5):807-811.
  • .Classen HG, Marquardt P, Spath M, et al. Magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone following enteral administration of Br-, Cl- and Mg++ in the form of different compounds and combinations. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(2):249-253.
  • .Classen HG, Nowitzki S. [Clinical significance of magnesium:1: distribution in the organism, evaluation of current supply.] Fortschr Med 1990;108(8):148-151. [German] (Review)
  • .Cohen L. Potassium replacement associated with the development of tetany in a patient with hypomagnesaemia. Magnes Res 1993;6(1):43-45.
  • .Cohen N, Alon I, Almoznino-Sarafian D, et al. Metabolic and clinical effects of oral magnesium supplementation in furosemide-treated patients with severe congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2000;23(6):433-436.
  • .Cox IM, Campbell MJ, Dowson D. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 1991;337(8744):757-760.
  • .Cohen JS. High-dose oral magnesium treatment of chronic, intractable erythromelalgia. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36(2):255-260.
  • .Crowther C. Is prenatal magnesium sulfate immediately prior to very preterm birth neuroprotective for babies? The ACTOMgSO4 trial: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Abstract: LB9. Annual Meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies. Seattle, May 4, 2003.
  • .Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW, et al. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(20):2669-2676.
  • .De Franceschi L, Bachir D, Galacteros F, et al. Oral magnesium pidolate: effects of long-term administration in patients with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2000;108(2):284-289.
  • .de Lordes Lima M, Cruz T, Pousada JC, et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(5):682-686.
  • .Deppermann KM, Lode H, Hoffken G, et al. Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(11):1901-1907.
  • .Devane J, Ryan MP. Evidence for a magnesium-sparing action by amiloride during renal clearance studies in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79(4):891-896.
  • .Devane J, Ryan MP. Urinary magnesium excretion during amiloride administration in saline-loaded rats. Br J Pharmacol 1979;67(3):493P.
  • .Djurhuus MS, Klitgaard NA, Pedersen KK, et al. Magnesium reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and serum lipid concentrations in type 1 diabetes. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1409-1417.
  • .Dorup I, Skajaa K, Thybo NK. [Oral magnesium supplementation to patients receiving diuretics: normalization of magnesium, potassium and sodium, and potassium pumps in the skeletal muscles.] Ugeskr Laeger 1994;156(27):4007-4010,4013. [Danish]
  • .Dorup I. Magnesium and potassium deficiency: its diagnosis, occurrence and treatment in diuretic therapy and its consequences for growth, protein synthesis and growth factors. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1994;618:1-55. (Review)
  • .Douban S, Brodsky MA, Whang DD, et al. Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1996;132(3):664-671. (Review)
  • .Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD000025. (Review)
  • .Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, et al. Magnesium status and ageing: an update. Magnes Res 1998;11(1):25-42. (Review)
  • .Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, et al. Magnesium and ageing: II: clinical data: aetiological mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences of magnesium deficit in the elderly. Magnes Res 1993;6(4):379-394. (Review)
  • .Ebel H, Classen HG, Marquardt P, et al. [Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of magnesium (author’s transl).] MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1975;117(29-30):1243-1248. [German]
  • .Eichhorn EJ, Tandon PK, DiBianco R, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure: the PROMISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21(3):634-640.
  • .Elamin A,Tuvemo T.Magnesium and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990;10(3):203-209.
  • .Elisaf M, Milionis H, Siamopoulos KC. Hypomagnesemic hypokalemia and hypocalcemia: clinical and laboratory characteristics. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1997;23(2):105-112.
  • .Elliott WC, Patchin DS. Effects and interactions of gentamicin, polyaspartic acid and diuretics on urine calcium concentration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;273(1):280-284.
  • .Finstad EW, Newhouse IJ, Lukaski HC, et al. The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(3):493-498.
  • .Friemann EFJ, Lasch H-G, Friemann S, et al. [Effect of magnesium treatment on chronic obstructive lung diseases.] Medizinische Welt 1991;42(4):311-315. [German]
  • .Fuentes JC, Salmon AA, Silver MA. Acute and chronic oral magnesium supplementation: effects on endothelial function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Congest Heart Fail 2006;12(1):9-13.
  • .Gaby AR. Magnesium: an inexpensive, safe, and effective treatment for cardiovascular disease.J Adv Med 1986;1:179-181.
  • .Galland LD, Baker SM, McLellan RK, Magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse. Magnesium 1986;5(3-4):165-174.
  • .Galloe AM, Rasmussen HS, Jorgensen LN, et al. Influence of oral magnesium supplementation on cardiac events among survivors of an acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1993;307(6904):585-587.
  • .Galloe AM, Graudal NA. [Magnesium treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction: ameta-analysis.] Ugeskrift for Laeger 1995;157(4):437-440. [Danish]
  • .Ganj FA, Saneifard F, Shokoohi H. The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the treatment of urinary urge incontinence: a randomized trial. Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Urogynecologic Society. Oral Poster Presentation. San Francisco, Oct 19, 2002.
  • .Gantz NM. Magnesium and chronic fatigue. Lancet 1991;338:66. (Letter)
  • .Garber AJ. Magnesium utilization survey in selected patients with diabetes. Clin Ther 1996;18(2):285-294. Erratum in Clin Ther 1996;18(3):559.
  • .Garland HO, Phipps DJ, Harpur ES. Gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria in the rat: assessment of nephron site involved. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;263(1):293-297.
  • .Gaspar AZ, Gasser P, Flammer J. The influence of magnesium on visual field and peripheral vasospasm in glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 1995;209:11-13.
  • .Gilliland FD, Berhane KT, Li YF, et al. Dietary magnesium, potassium, sodium, and children’s lung function. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155(2):125-131.
  • .Gordon D, Groutz A, Ascher-Landsberg J, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of magnesium hydroxide for treatment of sensory urgency and detrusor instability: preliminary results. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:667-669.
  • .Goto K, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Magnesium deficiency detected by intravenous loading test in variant angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1990;65(11):709-712.
  • .Gottlieb SS, Baruch L, Kukin ML, et al. Prognostic importance of the serum magnesium concentration in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16(4):827-831.
  • .Grimaldi BL. The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette’s syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette’s syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. Med Hypotheses 2002;58(1):47-60.
  • .Grimm P, Nowitzki-Grimm S, Doerr-Kremer G, et al. In vitro magnesium absorption and the role of intestinal motility. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1992;14(4):255-259.
  • .Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol 2002;39(4):209-213.
  • .Gupta SK, Manhas AS, Gupta VK, et al.Serum magnesium levels in idiopathic epilepsy. J Assoc Physicians India 1994;42(6):456-457.
  • .Harnett MJ, Datta S, Bhavani-Shankar K. The effect of magnesium on coagulation in parturients with preeclampsia. Anesth Analg 2001;92(5):1257-1260.
  • .He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, et al. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 2006;113(13):1675-1682.
  • .Healy DP, Dansereau RJ, Dunn AB, et al. Reduced tetracycline bioavailability caused by magnesium aluminum silicate in liquid formulations of bismuth subsalicylate. Ann Pharmacother 1997;(12):1460-1464.
  • .Hebert P, Mehta N, Wang J, et al. Functional magnesium deficiency in critically ill patients identified using a magnesium-loading test. Crit Care Med 1997;25(5):749-755.
  • .Hinds G, Bell NP, McMaster D, et al. Normal red cell magnesium concentrations and magnesium loading tests in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 1994;31(Pt 5):459-461.
  • .Hines Burnham T, et al, ed. Drug facts and comparisons. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 2000.
  • .Holt GA. Food and drug interactions. Chicago: Precept Press; 1998.
  • .Howard JM, Davies S, Hunnisett A. Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 1992;340(8816):426.
  • .Hunt CD, Herbel JL, Nielsen FH. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(3):803-813.
  • .Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999.
  • .Johansson G, Backman U, Danielson BG, et al, Effects of magnesium hydroxide in renal stone disease.J Am Coll Nutr 1982;1(2):179-185.
  • .Kavey R-EW, Allada V, Daniels SR, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2006;114:2710-2738.
  • .Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, et al. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1998;32(2):260-265.
  • .Kelepouris E, Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia: renal magnesium handling. Semin Nephrol 1998;18:58-73.
  • .Kelly RA, Smith TW. Recognition and management of digitalis toxicity. Am J Cardiol 1992;69(18):108G-119G. (Review)
  • .Kh R, Khullar M, Kashyap M, et al. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, platelet aggregation and calcium handling in deoxycorticosterone acetate induced hypertension in rats. J Hypertens 2000;18(7):919-926.
  • .Kisters K, Schodjaian K, Tokmak F, et al. Effect of ethanol on blood pressure: role of magnesium. Am J Hypertens 2000;13:455-456 (Letter)
  • .Klevay LM, Milne DB. Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(3):550-554.
  • .Kosek JC, Mazze RI, Cousins MJ. Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Lab Invest 1974;30(1):48-57.
  • .Kotsaki-Kovatsi VP, Koehler-Samouilidis G, Kovatsis A, et al. Fluctuation of zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium concentrations in guinea pig tissues after administration of captopril (SQ 14225). J Trace Elem Med Biol 1997;11(1):32-36.
  • .Kurschat C, Heering P, Grabensee B. [Gitelman’s syndrome: an important differential diagnosis of hypokalemia.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003;128(22):1225-1228. [German]
  • .Laires MJ, Moreira H, Monteiro CP, et al. Magnesium, insulin resistance and body composition in healthy postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:510S-513S.
  • .Langley WF, Mann D. Central nervous system magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med 1991;151(3):593-596.
  • .Lim D, McKay M. Food-drug interactions. Drug Information Bull 1995;15(2). (Review)
  • .Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care 2004;27(1):134-140.
  • .Lukaski HC, Nielsen FH. Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2002;132(5):930-935.
  • .Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Klevay LM, et al. Interactions among dietary fat, mineral status, and performance of endurance athletes: a case study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11(2):186-198.
  • .Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9321):1877-1890.
  • .Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial Investigators. Early administration of intravenous magnesium to high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9341):1189-1196.
  • .Marier JR. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world. Magnesium 1986;5(1):1-8. (Review)
  • .Marz R. Medical nutrition from Marz. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Omni Press; 1997. (Review)
  • .Mauskop A, Altura BM. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraines. Clin Neurosci 1998;5(1):24-27. (Review)
  • .McKee CD. Oral magnesium supplementation for diabetes and heart disease. U S Pharmacist 2000;25(11):79-84.
  • .McLean R. Magnesium and its therapeutic uses: a review. Am J Med 1994;96(1):63-76. (Review)
  • .Mehrotra R, Nolph KD, Kathuria P, et al. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesuric hypermagnesemia and severe hypocalciuria: a new syndrome? Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29(1):106-114. (Review)
  • .Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG, et al. Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186(6):1111-1118.
  • .Moore TJ. The role of dietary electrolytes in hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8(Suppl):68S-80S.
  • .Moorkens G, Manuel y Keenoy B, Vertommen J, et al. Magnesium deficit in a sample of the Belgian population presenting with chronic fatigue. Magnes Res 1997;10:329-337.
  • .Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, et al. Magnesium vitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:545S-548S.
  • .Muneyyirci-Delale O, Dalloul M, Nacharaju VL, et al. Serum ionized magnesium and calcium and sex hormones in healthy young men: importance of serum progesterone level. Fertil Steril 1999;72(5):817-822.
  • .O’Keefe JH Jr, Harris WS, Nelson J, et al. Effects of pravastatin with niacin or magnesium on lipid levels and postprandial lipemia. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:480-484.
  • .Orchard TJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(18):2119-2120.
  • .Oto A. Magnesium treatment in acute myocardial infarction: an unresolved consensus. Eur Heart J 1999;20(2):86-88. (Review)
  • .Owen P. Audit can ensure the safe and effective introduction of seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulphate in obstetric practice. Health Bull (Edinb) 2000;58(5):414-417.
  • .Palmieri GM, Thompson JS, Eliel LP. Modifications of plasma magnesium by thyrocalcitonin, parathyroid extract and cortisone. Endocrinology 1969;84(6):1509-1511.
  • .Pere AK, Krogerus L, Mervaala EM, et al. Detrimental effect of dietary sodium and beneficial effect of dietary magnesium on glomerular changes in cyclosporin-A-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13(4):904-910.
  • .Perticone F, Borelli D, Ceravolo R, et al. Antiarrhythmic short-term protective magnesium treatment in ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9(5);492-499.
  • .Phillips PJ, Vedig AE, Jones PL, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists salbutamol and rimiterol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980;9(5):483-491.
  • .Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, et al. Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(11):1841-1844.
  • .Propst A, Propst T, Judmaier G. Comparison of the effects of ranitidine effervescent tablets and magnesium hydroxide-aluminium oxide on intragastric acidity: asingle-centre, randomised, open cross-over study. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(6):621-624.
  • .Pronsky Z. Powers and Moore’s food-medications interactions. 9thed. Pottstown, PA: Food-Medication Interactions; 1991.
  • .Rasmussen HS. Clinical intervention studies on magnesium in myocardial infarction. Magnesium 1989;8(5-6):316-325. (Review)
  • .Rasmussen HS, Gronbaek M, Cintin C, et al. One-year death rate in 270 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction, initially treated with intravenous magnesium or placebo. Clin Cardiol 1988;11(6):377-381.
  • .Redwood SR, Taggart PI, Sutton PM, et al. Effect of magnesium on the monophasic action potential during early ischemia in the in vivo human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28(7):1765-1769.
  • .Reunanen A, Knekt P, Marniemi J, et al. Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc and risk of cardiovascular death. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(7):431-437.
  • .Riss P, Bartl W, Jelincic D. Clinical aspects and treatment of calf muscle cramps during pregnancy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1983;43(5):329-331.
  • .Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK, et al. Low intake of fruits, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J Nutr 2003;133(1):199-204.
  • .Rob PM. [Magnesium deficiency after kidney transplantation and cyclosporine therapy.] Fortschr Med 1996;114(10):125-126. [German]
  • .Rob PM, Lebeau A, Nobiling R, et al. Magnesium metabolism: basic aspects and implications of ciclosporine toxicity in rats. Nephron 1996;72(1):59-66.
  • .Robinson C, Weigly E. Basic nutrition and diet therapy. New York: MacMillan; 1984.
  • .Roe DA. Diet and drug interactions. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1989.
  • .Roe DA. Drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Avi Publishing; 1985.
  • .Roe DA. Risk factors in drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. In: Roe DA, Campbell T, eds. Drugs and nutrients: the interactive effects. New York: Marcel Decker;1984:505-523.
  • .Romano TJ. Magnesium deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Nutr Environ Med 1997;7:107-111.
  • .Romano TJ, Stiller JW. Magnesium deficiency in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Nutr Med 1994;4:165-167.
  • .Rosanoff A, Seelig MS. Comparison of mechanism and functional effects of magnesium and statin pharmaceuticals. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:501S-505S.
  • .Rowe BH, Camargo CA Jr. Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration (MARC) investigators: the use of magnesium sulfate in acute asthma: rapid uptake of evidence in North American emergency departments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117(1):53-58.
  • .Rude RK. Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22(2):377-395. (Review)
  • .Ryan MP. Interrelationships of magnesium and potassium homeostasis. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19(4-5):290-295.
  • .Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(11):1875-1880.
  • .Sabatier M, Arnaud MJ, Kastenmayer P, et al. Meal effect on magnesium bioavailability from mineral water in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(1):65-71.
  • .Saris NE, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, et al. Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clin Chim Acta 2000;294(1-2):1-26. (Review)
  • .Sasaki S, Oshima T, Matsuura H, et al. Abnormal magnesium status in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000;98(2):175-181.
  • .Shechter M, Hod H, Rabinowitz B, et al. Long-term outcome in thrombolysis-ineligible acute myocardial infarction patients treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel. Circulation 2001;104(No 17, Suppl II):II-744-745. (Abstract No 3515)
  • .Schuck P, Bohmer K, Resch KL. [Migraine and prevention of migraine: the value of magnesium.] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999;129(3):63-70. [German] (Review)
  • .Schultes G. [High doses of magnesium in the treatment of angina pectoris.] Fortschritte der Medizin 1991;109(35); 81. [German]
  • .Schumann K, Classen HG, Hages M, et al. Bioavailability of oral vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in perspective. Arzneimittelforschung 1997;47(4):369-380. (Review)
  • .Schwanstecher M, Loser S, Rietze I, et al. Phosphate and thiophosphate group donating adenine and guanine nucleotides inhibit glibenclamide binding to membranes from pancreatic islets. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1991;343(1):83-89.
  • .Seelig M. Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations: magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. Am J Cardiol 1989;63(14):4G-21G. (Review)
  • .Seelig MS. Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review). J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13(5):429-446. (Review)
  • .Shaheen BE, Cornish LA. Magnesium in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Pharm 1993;12(8):588-596. (Review)
  • .Shechter M, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador M, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1999;84(2):152-156.
  • .Skotnicki AB, Jablonski MJ, Musial J, et al. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and therapy of bronchial asthma. Przegl Lek 1997;54(9):630-633.
  • .Soliman HM, Mercan D, Lobo SS, et al. Development of ionized hypomagnesemia is associated with higher mortality rates. Crit Care Med 2003;31(4):1082-1087.
  • .Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al.Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2004;27(1):59-65.
  • .Sueta CA, Patterson JH, Adams KF Jr. Antiarrhythmic action of pharmacological administration of magnesium in heart failure: a critical review of new data. Magnes Res 1995;8(4):389-401.
  • .Suzuki T, Koizumi J, Moroji T, et al. Effects of long-term anticonvulsant therapy on copper, zinc, and magnesium in hair and serum of epileptics. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31(6):571-581.
  • .Tam M, Gomez S, Gonzalez-Gross M, et al. Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57(10):1193-1197. (Review)
  • .Taubert K, Keil G. [Pilot study on the use of magnesium in the treatment of migraine and stress headache.] Zeitschrift fur Arztliche Fortbildung 1991;85(1-2);67-68. [German]
  • .Teixeira F, Geraldes CF, Gil VM, et al. In vitro complexation of aluminum and magnesium by cimetidine and ranitidine: anuclear magnetic resonance study. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1984;8(11):879-880. (Letter)
  • .Teo KK, Yusuf S. Role of magnesium in reducing mortality in acute myocardial infarction: areview of the evidence. Drugs 1993;46(3):347-359. (Review)
  • .Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).1988-94 NHANES III Dietary Supplement Information Data File Documentation. Series 11, No. 2A. April 1998.
  • .Threlkeld DS, ed. Systemic anti-infectives, fluoroquinolones. In: Facts and comparisons drug information. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons;1994:340n-340o.
  • .Trovato A, Nuhlicek DN, Midtling JE. Drug-nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1991;44(5):1651-1658. (Review)
  • .Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, et al. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(4):727-736.
  • .USDA. Composition of foods:USDA handbook #8. Washington, DC:ARS, USDA;1976-1986.
  • .van Dam RM, Feskens EJM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2002;360:1477-1478.
  • .Wang F, Van Den Eeden SK, Ackerson LM, et al. Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2003;43(6):601-610.
  • .Weaver K. Magnesium and its role in vascular reactivity and coagulation. Contemp Nutr 1987;12(3):1.
  • .Weaver K. Magnesium and migraine. Headache 1990;30(3):168.
  • .Weberg R, Berstad A, Aaseth J, et al. Mineral-metabolic side effects of low-dose antacids. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20(6):741-746.
  • .Werbach MR. Foundations of nutritional medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press; 1997. (Review)
  • .Werbach MR. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. Altern Med Rev 2000;5(2):93-108.
  • .Yang Y-X, Lewis JD, Epstein S, et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 2006;296:2947-2953.
  • .Yokota K, Kato M, Lister F, et al. Clinical efficacy of magnesium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:506S-509S.
  • .Young IS, Goh EM, McKillop UH, et al. Magnesium status and digoxin toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;32(6):717-721.