InteractionsGuide Index Page

 
Case Analysis Toolclose
Enter Each Substance:


Analysis Search Terms:

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Nutrient Names: Vitamin C, ascorbic acid.
Synonyms: Antiscorbutic vitamin, ascorbate, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, calcium ascorbate, cevitamic acid, chromium ascorbate, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), isoascorbic acid, magnesium ascorbate, manganese ascorbate, molybdenum ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate, zinc ascorbate; Ester-C.
Related Substances: Acerola, rose hips.

Summary Table
nutrient description

Chemistry and Forms

The generic term vitamin C is used to describe the various compounds that exhibit the biological activity of ascorbic acid. Albert Szent-Györgyi first isolated ascorbic acid in 1928 from porcine adrenal glands. Originally called “hexuronic acid,” ascorbic acid (Latin a , “not”; scorbutus, “scurvy”) became the official nomenclature in 1933 after the correct structural formula was determined and it was successfully synthesized.

In nature, vitamin C appears in both its reduced form (L-ascorbic acid) and its oxidized form (L-dehydroascorbic acid), which interconvert in a reversible equilibrium.L-Ascorbic acid is the most active form, but both possess antiscorbutic activity. Vitamin C is water soluble and easily oxidized in solution and with heat.

Physiology and Function

Unlike many species that are able to synthesize vitamin C, humans require intake as a nutrient. Vitamin C is readily absorbed, predominantly in the distal portion of the small intestine (jejunum) and to a lesser degree in the mouth, stomach and proximal small intestine, through active transport mechanisms as well as passive diffusion. The pharmacokinetic profile of vitamin C is significant for decreased nonlinear absorption and increased nonlinear elimination with increasing oral doses. Intake of 400 mg per day (or 75 mg/dL) is required to saturate serum. Thus, although 70% to 90% of the dietary intake is absorbed, absorption falls to 50% with a dose of 1.5 grams (g). Once maximum serum level (>1.4 mg/dL) has been attained, intake of greater than 400 mg/day results in increased tissue levels of vitamin C. It is transported in the free form with higher concentrations in leukocytes and platelets than red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma. RBCs reach saturation with 60 mg/day. Once in circulation, vitamin C is readily taken up and concentrated in a wide range of body tissues, with the adrenal glands containing the highest concentration, and other glandular tissues (e.g., pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum) also holding relatively higher concentrations. Whole-body stores are typically about 1.5 g. Vitamin C crosses the placenta and is excreted in breast milk. It is primarily eliminated through urine, but only a small proportion is excreted unchanged (unless plasma concentration >1.4 mg/dL).

Vitamin C plays a central role in the biosynthesis and function of many key physiological substances. Given its high concentration in the adrenals (50 times that of serum), it is not surprising that vitamin C is required for the synthesis of adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, cortisol, and histamine, all of which are involved in stress response. Moreover, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation induces significant loss of ascorbic acid from the adrenal cortex as part of glucocorticoid mobilization. Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of carnitine and thus essential to metabolism of fat as an energy source. It is also essential in the metabolism of folic acid, histamine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine and the optimal activity of several enzymes, specifically enabling the conversion of folacin to tetrahydrofolic acid, dopamine to epinephrine, and tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan and eventually 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Vitamin C also enhances the bioavailability of iron, as well as aiding the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron and limiting the degradation of ferritin to hemosiderin.

Vitamin C is a powerful protective agent within the antioxidant, detoxification, and immune systems. Its activity as an antioxidant par excellence is well established and widely recognized. As a water-soluble substance with universal access to cells throughout the body, vitamin C acts as a powerful reducing agent in its own right, neutralizing free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms from its two hydroxyl (OH) positions. Furthermore, it functions synergistically with other antioxidants, particularly glutathione, the other major hydrophilic antioxidant, and vitamin E, a major lipophilic antioxidant, which it can regenerate. Moreover, unlike other antioxidants that exhibit the potential of converting to pro-oxidant activity under conditions of high oxidative stress (or during in vitro experiments involving free metal ions), evidence from well-designed and physiologically relevant research is lacking to substantiate suggestions that oral vitamin C intake promotes oxidative damage in humans under physiological conditions. 1 Vitamin C protects cholesterol from oxidative damage by free radicals, lowers elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. It decreases total cholesterol by facilitating the formation of bile, aiding cholesterol degradation/metabolism, and participating in its conversion to bile acids for excretion. It also decreases levels of lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a), which forms atherosclerotic plaques and helps dissolve such plaques, by reacting with insoluble calcium-phospholipid-cholesterol plaque to form soluble sodium-phospholipid-cholesterol and calcium ascorbate; it may also reverse dysfunction of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels.

Vitamin C is essential for the optimal activity of many important detoxification systems, particularly the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) mixed-function oxidase system and other enzymes responsible for metabolizing toxic substances, including heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel) and many pharmaceuticals. Vitamin C inhibits hyaluronidase (the enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, a high-molecular-weight compound that functions as an intercellular matrix) and prevents formation of nitrosamines, carcinogenic compounds formed from dietary nitrate/nitrite compounds in the digestive tract. The numerous and profound roles of vitamin C in facilitating and regulating immune function include increasing levels of macrophage activity, lymphocyte production (neutrophils, lymphocytes, natural killer cells), and antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM). It also elevates interferon production, modulates prostaglandin synthesis, and exerts antihistamine effects.

The activity of vitamin C is fundamental to the structural integrity, strength, and elasticity of the human body through its central role in the synthesis of collagen and elastin. These organic materials are essential to the formation, activity, and maintenance of skin, tendons, cartilage, muscles, intercellular connective tissue matrix, blood vessels, bone matrix, and tooth dentin. Specifically, the hydroxylysine cross-links in collagen require the activity of prolylhydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, enzymes that hydroxylate lysine and proline, and for which ascorbic acid acts as a reducing agent and coenzyme. Overall, collagen comprises 25% to 30% of total body protein, making it the most abundant protein in the body. Thus, vitamin C and its allied nutrients inherently play an important role in the healing and rebuilding of damaged tissues, such as strains, sprains, burns, scars, and fractures.

nutrient in clinical practice

Known or Potential Therapeutic Uses

Vitamin C surpasses almost every other nutrient in the range of claims made for its use in promoting health and treating disease and in the popularity of its use as a supplement. Nevertheless, after more than half a century of controversy, evidence from controlled clinical trials and epidemiological studies remains limited and often speculative. Many groups within the general population, such as children, the elderly, and smokers, exhibit significant risk of vitamin C deficiency due to inadequate and inconsistent intake of vitamin C–rich foods and depletion due to medications and stressors. Nevertheless, observational studies largely indicate that populations with a higher dietary intake of vitamin C exhibit a lower incidence of cataracts, macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers.

Assertions of vitamin C's efficacy in the prevention of the common cold and cancer, in particular, have been focal points in a contentious and often unsubstantiated war of words, citations, and incongruous sets of assumptions, methods, and goals among divergent schools of medicine. For example, evidence for the protective effects of vitamin C against cancer is mixed, depending on study design, size and duration, nutrient source, dose, mode of administration, and the form of cancer involved, with cancers of the mouth, throat and vocal chords, lungs, esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum, and breast demonstrating inverse correlations, broadly or in select populations, in at least some studies. The application of “megadose” vitamin C as part of nutritional therapies in cancer care is even more controversial, and substantive dialogue between advocates and critics has rarely produced meaningful data or mutually satisfactory research. Review of numerous studies indicates beneficial effects of regular vitamin C, at moderate to high doses, in modestly reducing the duration of the common cold and respiratory infections and possibly the severity of symptoms. Research findings are more mixed regarding reductions in the frequency of infection. The weight of evidence in research within conventional medicine suggests a lack of benefit from long-term daily supplementation in preventing colds, except in individuals with low dietary intake, marathon athletes, or other populations with unusual circumstances.

Nevertheless, issues such as dosing strategies and delivery techniques, possible differences in physiological potency of supplemental forms from different sources, and concomitant nutrient synergies continue to separate the divergent therapeutic approaches. For example, in conventional discourse (and most human trials) a daily dose of 200 mg orally is often termed as “megadose vitamin C,” and 2000 mg is considered a tolerable daily upper limit. However, among physicians specializing in nutritional therapeutics, such descriptors would be reserved for doses starting at 4 g (4000 mg) daily, and therapeutic intervention can involve intravenous (IV) administration. Consequently, the parties in this long-standing debate too often operate from such divergent views of clinical application, research methodology, and outcomes interpretation, so fundamental questions often go unanswered, the most meaningful issues remain go unresolved, and opportunities for effective collaboration can be lost.

Although findings from well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials have rarely attained the dramatic level of benefit asserted by pioneers and proponents, clinicians experienced in nutritional therapeutics have regularly been able to offer substantive critiques of conventional research methodology and suggest limited relevance of many trials to actual clinical application. As with nutritional research to this point in many areas, mixed findings may result more from variations in intervention (forms used, dose levels, methods of administration), trial characteristics (duration, patient populations, methods of assessing outcomes), and other variables than from the actual effects of the “vitamin C.” Here the issues of dietary versus “supplemental” sources, as well as the multitude of supplemental forms, constitute fundamental factors in parsing evidence and extrapolating research findings. Overall, the use of oral doses may be appropriate for maintaining or restoring tissue levels, whereas IV administration of pharmacological doses is significantly more effective at obtaining greatly elevated plasma levels for short periods. Likewise, the benefits of multiple interdependent and synergistic nutrients in food sources and many prescribing strategies using nutrients as cotherapies render distinguishing the effects of any single component virtually impossible and contrasts sharply with the more decontextualized, single-agent investigational methodology modeled on studies designed for pharmacological interventions and pathological conditions. Meaningful and enduring conclusions and an operative consensus within the broader medical community will require development of an expansive set of in-depth research from controlled clinical trials integrating insights from the full range of therapeutic perspectives.

Historical/Ethnomedicine Precedent

The discovery of scurvy prevention through citrus intake among British sailors resulted from what is generally considered the first example of a controlled experiment comparing results in two populations administered different diets. It implicitly revealed a connection between the diets of disparate cultures and their respective ecological settings and traditional diets and the impact of their deficits on human health and disease.

Possible Uses

Acute anterior uveitis, aging or sun-damaged skin, alcohol withdrawal, allergies, anti-inflammatory, asthma, atherosclerosis, autism, bedsores, bronchitis, bruising (easy, excessive), cancer (risk reduction), cancer treatment, candidiasis, capillary fragility, cataract, cervical dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), common cold, Crohn's disease, dermatitis, diabetes mellitus, dysbiosis, eczema, fatigue, gallbladder disease, gallstone prevention, gastritis, gingivitis, glaucoma, gout, hay fever, heart disease prevention, heavy metal detoxification, hepatitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, herpes simplex infection, herpes zoster infection, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) support, hives, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoglycemia, immune function enhancement, influenza, insomnia, intervertebral disc inflammation, iron deficiency anemia, low back pain, macular degeneration, male infertility (sperm agglutination, low sperm count), menopausal symptoms, menorrhagia, mitral valve prolapse, multiple sclerosis, muscle soreness recovery (postexercise), nausea of pregnancy, nitrate tolerance, oral premalignant lesions (risk reduction), osteoarthritis, otitis media (recurrent), Parkinson's disease, peptic ulcers, periodontal disease, peripheral vascular disease, photosensitivity, platelet adhesiveness, postherpetic neuralgia, preeclampsia (prevention), premature placental rupture, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) prevention, retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, scurvy, sinusitis, skin ulcers, sports injuries, stress, sunburn (prevention), tardive dyskinesia, urinary tract infection, vascular dementia prevention, viral or bacterial infections, vitiligo, wound healing.

Deficiency Symptoms

Scurvy is the fundamental and defining picture of severe vitamin C deficiency and its description as the first identified nutritional deficiency disease constituted a landmark development in nutritional medicine. Frank scurvy is rare in the United States (U.S.) and Europe, but subclinical deficiencies are common. Symptoms of advanced vitamin C deficiency derive primarily from defective collagen synthesis and degenerative changes in capillaries, bone, and connective tissue, and include listlessness, fatigue, weakness, fever, shortness of breath, anorexia, erupted teeth with bleeding gums, ecchymoses, hemorrhage, anemia, edema, hypotension, convulsions, personality changes, hypertrophy of the cornea, icterus, perifollicular hyperkeratotic papules, dry skin, muscle cramps, aching bones, joints, and muscles, and secondary infections. Scurvy, uncorrected, is eventually fatal. Children can experience abnormal development of bones, teeth, and blood vessels and disturbances of growth. Capillary fragility, bleeding gums, easy bruising, poor wound healing, diminished antioxidant protection, increased susceptibility to infection, and fatigue are among the indicators of possible subclinical vitamin C deficiency.

Smokers are foremost among groups at risk of vitamin C deficiency, but the elderly, institutionalized persons, hospital patients, and diabetics are also highly susceptible. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey also identified those who did not use supplements and non-Hispanic black males as having elevated risks of vitamin C deficiency and depletion in the U.S. 2 Other groups characterized by specific metabolic stresses may need greater levels of vitamin C intake for proper physical activity and protective functions, including individuals with high alcohol intake, those with increased oxidative stress (e.g., exposure to chemicals, heavy metals, radiation), those in life phases of rapid growth (pregnancy, lactation, childhood, adolescence), and individuals with chronic illnesses (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney failure). As discussed later, numerous medications can deplete vitamin C or interfere with its normal activities. Increased risk of developing cataracts and heart disease can result from degenerative processes associated with chronic vitamin C deficiency.

Other than humans and other primates (specifically gorillas, chimpanzees, and monkeys), guinea pigs and a rare species of bat are the only mammals that lack the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid from glucose.

Dietary Sources

Public education is necessary to correct the widely held misconception, founded more in marketing and advertising than in nutritional science, that fruits, especially citrus, are exceptionally rich sources of vitamin C. In fact, vegetables are richer dietary sources. Vitamin C can be lost through oxidation during storage and cooking, and boiling can cause leaching of the nutrient into the water (unless recovered by use, such as in gravy or soup).

Almost all fresh vegetables and fruits are potential sources of vitamin C. Foods particularly rich in vitamin C include broccoli, cauliflower, red bell peppers, red chili peppers, black currants, Brussels sprouts, cantaloupe, kale, parsley, turnip greens, collard, rose hips, citrus fruits, strawberries, apples, persimmons, papaya, guava, acerola cherries, potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, and green bell peppers.

Nutrient Preparations Available

Vitamin C is present in most multivitamin preparations. Intravenous ascorbate solutions (sodium ascorbate, or ascorbic acid buffered to a pH >5.5) are only administered by drip; IV push is contraindicated because of venous irritation. Osmalality of IV ascorbate solutions up to 1200 mOsm/L are well tolerated if the patient can take adequate fluids by mouth.

Scientific evidence is lacking to demonstrate superior bioavailability of any single form of orally administered vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) compared with any other form. Although vitamin C from naturally occurring sources is favored by advocates of vitamin C therapy, naturally derived and synthesized forms ofL-ascorbic acid are chemically identical, and limited human research has thus far demonstrated no significant differences in their respective biological activities or bioavailability, using standard assay methods and parameters of physiological effect. When formulated as a mineral salt, ascorbic acid is buffered (i.e., less acidic) and thus theoretically less irritating than simple ascorbic acid to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A wide range of mineral ascorbates are available, with sodium ascorbate (131 mg sodium per 1000 mg ascorbic acid) and calcium ascorbate (114 mg calcium per 1000 mg ascorbic acid) being the most common. The addition of small amounts of dehydroascorbate (oxidized ascorbic acid), calcium threonate, and trace levels of xylonate and lyxonate, all metabolites of vitamin C, to a base of calcium ascorbate, marketed as Ester-C, is purported to provide for enhanced bioavailability, but supportive evidence is lacking, although Ester-C does appear to be “much better tolerated” than “regular ascorbic acid,” as indicated by “fewer epigastric adverse effects.” 3 Similarly, although bioflavonoids and vitamin C often occur together in many fruits and vegetables, claims that combining them in supplements provides superior activity have yet to be substantiated. Vitamin C is normally water soluble, but a fat-soluble form, known as ascorbyl palmitate, has been synthesized for use in topical applications by esterifying vitamin C to palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid; an oral form would be unlikely to escape breakdown through hydrolyzation before being absorbed in the digestive tract. Erythorbic acid is an isomer of ascorbic acid but may lack the primary antiscorbutic activity of ascorbic acid; it is used in the U.S. as a food additive, but not as a nutritional supplement.

Based on the finding that some tumors accumulate high levels of vitamin C, concern has been raised that vitamin C might make cancer treatment less effective. 4 However, there is virtually no evidence from clinical trials that vitamin C interferes with any type of cancer therapy. In contrast, multiple animal and clinical studies suggest that vitamin C may enhance cancer therapy, possibly by acting as a pro-oxidant when accumulated in large intracellular stores by tumors, then exposed to chemotherapy or radiation. 5-7,7a(See Chemotherapy for further discussion.)

The tissue levels of ascorbic acid concentration obtained through IV administration are significantly greater than those associated with oral intake. Intravenous administration of vitamin C at 18 g/day can produce plasma concentrations 25 times those resulting from oral administration of the same dose. Recent pharmacokinetics models indicates that with oral administration, even large frequent doses of vitamin C, will increase plasma concentrations only modestly, from 70 mmol/L to a maximum of 220 mmol/L, whereas IV administration increases concentrations as high as 14,000 mmol/L. Plasma concentrations of 1000 to 5000 mmol/L are selectively cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro, and emerging evidence indicates that vitamin C at concentrations achieved only by IV administration may function as a prodrug for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) delivery to tumor tissues. 8-15Such observations may account for the inconsistent findings and divergent conclusions in studies using oral versus IV modes of delivery. Rigidly imposing a preconceived model of the beneficial or adverse effects of pro-oxidant effects of nutrients is not likely to lead to clinically useful conclusions.

Dosage Forms Available

Capsules, liposomal spray, powders, tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets.

Source Materials for Nutrient Preparation

Commercial vitamin C is synthesized from glucose by two primary methods. The Reichstein process, developed in the 1930s, applies a single prefermentation, followed by a purely chemical route. The two-step fermentation process, introduced in China in the 1960s, replaces the later chemical stages with further fermentation. The yield from either process is approximately 60% ascorbic acid from the glucose feed, usually derived from corn.

Sago palm–derived ascorbic acid has been developed for individuals with putative corn sensitivity.

Camu camu (Myrciaria dubia), a bioflavanoid-rich berry from the Amazon rain forest, is an innovative source of vitamin C emerging in the marketplace

Dosage Range

Adult

Dietary: Vitamin C intake of 10 mg per day can prevent scurvy. The U.S. recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin C, or the daily dose required to prevent deficiency disease, is 90 mg/day for men and 75 mg/day for women; it was recently revised upward from 60 mg daily and had been 45 mg until 1974. The new, higher RDA takes into account for the first time the vitamin's role as an antioxidant as well as protection from deficiency. A special RDA has been established for adult smokers: 125 mg/day for men and 110 mg/day for women; Ames 16 has recommended that smokers need to consume two to three times more vitamin C than nonsmokers. The mean dietary intakes of vitamin C for adults in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Germany were 87 and 76 mg daily and 75 and 72 mg daily for adult men and women, respectively. 17,18Among elderly men and women in the U.K., vitamin C intakes of 72 and 68 mg daily, respectively, have been reported. 19 The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that the median consumption of vitamin C from foods during the years 1988 to 1991 was 73 and 84 mg daily for men and women in the U.S., respectively. 20 All these studies have demonstrated a wide variation in vitamin C intake, with 25% to 30% of the U.S. population consuming less than 2.5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Dietary intake levels in other areas, such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia, are typically lower. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the Linus Pauling Institute recommends “that the RDA for vitamin C should be 120 mg/day for optimum risk reduction of heart disease, stroke, and cancer in healthy individuals. Special populations, such as older adults and individuals with disease, may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels and derive therapeutic benefits.” 21 Consuming at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily may provide about 200 mg of vitamin C. 22

Supplemental/Maintenance:

  • 60 to 1000 mg/day.
  • Optimal daily intake: 0.5 to 3 g/day, depending on the individual.

Some research suggests that blood levels reach saturation at an oral intake of approximately 200 mg daily in healthy individuals, and assuming tissues are saturated, any intake above that amount may be excreted. However, the Linus Pauling Institute recommends a vitamin C intake of at least 400 mg daily; this amount has been found to fully saturate plasma and circulating cells with vitamin C in young, healthy nonsmokers. 12,22Individual variability can alter the metabolic effects of supplemental vitamin C, including nutrigenomic response variability, body weight, depletion status, and degree of tissue saturation based on recent patterns of intake.

Pharmacological/Therapeutic:

  • 300 to 1000 mg/day typical for adults treated for scurvy.
  • 500 mg/day to 20 g/day reported in scientific literature.
  • Up to 70 g/day used therapeutically and in research settings.

Dosing to bowel tolerance is typically applied clinically as a practical (as well as variable and evolving) parameter in therapeutic administration of vitamin C. The laxation effects of large oral doses of vitamin C are likely because of the osmotic effects of unabsorbed ascorbate. The common clinical observation that the bowel tolerance of vitamin C increases substantially during acute viral illnesses suggests that more ascorbate is absorbed from the GI tract during such episodes.

Toxic: Although toxicity is rare, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) established by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine for vitamin C in adults was set at 2000 mg. Notably, this advisory body established the “no adverse effect level” (NOAEL) for vitamin C arbitrarily out of necessity because they were mandated to do so, even though their review of the scientific literature failed to find any “solid data” to support a toxic dose for vitamin C. 23 As stated by Johnston 24 in 1999: “The available data indicate that very high intakes of vitamin C (2 to 4 grams per day) are well tolerated biologically in healthy mammalian systems. Currently, strong scientific evidence to define and defend a UL for vitamin C is not available.” Thus, this level is based on the potential for discomfort from possible diarrhea and GI disturbances (i.e., temporary and easily reversible responses) rather than actual toxicity in most individuals and is derived from uncontrolled case reports. 23

Pediatric (<18 years)

Dietary:

  • Neonates to 6 months: 40 mg/day (AI, adequate intake)
  • 6 to 12 months: 50 mg/day (AI)
  • 1 to 3 years: 15 mg/day (RDA)
  • 4 to 8 years: 25 mg/day (RDA)
  • 9 to 13 years: 45 mg/day (RDA)
  • Adolescents, 14 to 18 years: 65 mg for females; 75 mg for males (RDA)

Supplemental/Maintenance: Usually not recommended for children under 12 years of age.

Pharmacological/Therapeutic: The treatment of scurvy in children typically requires 100 to 300 mg per day orally in divided doses for 2 weeks. Otherwise, vitamin C is generally not administered in pharmacological doses to infants or children.

Toxic: UL levels (oral):

  • 0 to 12 months: none established
  • 1 to 3 years old: 400 mg/day
  • 4 to 8 years old: 650 mg/day
  • 9 to 13 years old: 1200 mg/day
  • Adolescents, 14 to 18 years old, including pregnant or breast-feeding females: 1800 mg/day

Toxicity is rare.

Laboratory Values

Physicians usually do not test vitamin C status, except for rare occasions of suspected scurvy. Most methods of laboratory assessment are generally considered neither sensitive nor precise in determining functional deficiency or systemic depletion. Further, high intake of vitamin C can interfere with some of the more frequently used laboratory tests.

Assessment of deficiency or depletion status.

Leukocyte ascorbate:

  • Normal range: not established.
  • Levels less than 114 mmol/108 cells (buffy coat) indicate deficiency.
Leukocyte concentrations may provide a good index of tissue stores of vitamin C.

Plasma ascorbate:

  • Normal range: not established.
  • Levels less than 2.6 mg/L (15 µmol/L) may indicate deficiency, but consistency in standards is lacking.

Plasma levels indicate metabolic turnover status of vitamin C. However, “extreme individual variability” has been documented with an identical vitamin C repletion dose in different individuals producing different plasma ascorbate levels based on body weight, prior depletion, and prior repletion. 25

Urinary ascorbate:

  • Normal range: not established.
  • Excretion of less than 10 mg/day indicates severe deficiency.

Urinary ascorbate is generally considered an insensitive index of status except in severe deficiency.

Ascorbate loading test: An oral dose of 0.5 to 2.0 g ascorbic acid is administered over 4 days, and then urinary ascorbate is measured; excretion of less than 60% of dose indicates depletion of tissue ascorbate.

Lingual ascorbic acid test (LAAT): In this physician-administered test, a drop (from 25-gauge needle) of blue dye (2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium salt solution) is put on the tip of the tongue. Vitamin C status is indicated by the time required for the dye to disappear. Less than 20 seconds indicates normal levels; 20 to 25 seconds, marginal levels; and longer than 25 seconds, depletion of vitamin C levels. This is a functional test of the oxidation-reduction (redox) status of saliva and tissue, which is influenced by ascorbate status, but not specific for it.

As a strong reducing agent, ascorbic acid (>1 g daily) can interfere with some diagnostic tests, particularly those based on redox reactions. Evidence for some of these effects is mixed.

False-negative results on stool occult blood (guaiac assay) have been attributed to “high-dose” vitamin C intake within preceding 48 to 72 hours. False-negative results on urine acetaminophen tests have also been reported.

Vitamin C intake may produce false increases in levels in these serum tests: bilirubin, carbamazepine, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]), uric acid.

Vitamin C intake may produce false decreases in levels in these serum tests: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), theophylline.

Inaccurate readings on urinary glucose tests have been observed, with false negatives using glucose oxidase and false positives using cupric sulfate as the reagent test. Vitamin C–induced interference with blood glucose tests has been reported in the scientific literature but disputed.

Several unqualified case reports from the 1970s suggested that high-dose vitamin C could lower prothrombin time (PT) and cause increased clotting. Vigilance is appropriate whenever employing anticoagulant therapy, but evidence is too weak and inconsistent to represent this potential effect as highly probable or predictable, as discussed later.

safety profile

Overview

Vitamin C is safe across a broad range of intakes for most adults, according to a review and editorial by a team of eminent nutritional researchers. 26 Scientific evidence is lacking to demonstrate that even very large amounts of vitamin C are toxic or exert adverse health effects. Regular intake of dose levels well above the RDAs has been common in large numbers of individuals for decades. Adverse effects have been lacking in individuals, including Linus Pauling, who have consumed 10 g or more daily for extended periods. Systemic toxicity is improbable in healthy individuals because the primary effects of excess intake are mainly caused by large amounts of unabsorbed ascorbic acid in the intestine and, as such, typically do not alter circulating levels, are easily excreted, and respond rapidly to a decrease in intake. Thus, the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, concluded “that there is currently no consistent and compelling data for serious adverse effects of vitamin C in humans, and a UL can therefore not be established.” 21

Nutrient Adverse Effects

General Adverse Effects

Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, abdominal bloating, flatulence, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, skin rashes, loose stools, and diarrhea, resulting from the osmotic effects of unabsorbed vitamin C in the intestine, constitute the primary adverse effects in most individuals. Although providing the basis for the UL in the U.S., these responses are all dose related, resolve rapidly with decreased intake, and present no serious risk. Tolerance typically develops over time with gradual increase in dose. Diarrhea usually occurs with doses of 6 to 10 g daily but has been reported to afflict some individuals after only a single 1-g dose. Lowering the dosage to the highest level that does not provoke diarrhea (i.e., to “bowel tolerance”) is a common method of determining maximal dosage for therapeutic effect.

Adverse Effects Among Specific Populations

Because of the importance of excretion as a regulatory process, individuals with compromised renal function may experience impaired elimination, excess accumulation, and increased lithogenicity.

Individuals with inadequate levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are at increased risk of a potentially severe adverse reaction, including possible hemolysis, after intake of certain oxidizing substances, such as high doses of vitamin C, orally or intravenously, suggesting that ascorbate might function as a pro-oxidant under certain conditions. 27 Genetic or G6PD enzyme activity testing is appropriate, particularly when IV ascorbic acid administration is contemplated.

In the general (U.S.) population, researchers have found “no association between serum ascorbic acid level and prevalence of kidney stones in women or men.” 28 Nevertheless, certain individuals may theoretically exhibit increased risk of calcium oxalate stones with high-dose vitamin C intake becasue of potentially increased oxalate levels. 29 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is metabolized to dehydroascorbic acid, which in turn is metabolized to oxalic acid. In general, individuals who consume large amounts of vitamin C have shown either no change or a decreased risk of kidney stone formation in large-scale observational studies. 28,30,31However, one of every 400 individuals possesses a defect in oxalate metabolism, resulting in idiopathic hypercalciuria, that could put them at increased risk of stone formation due to elevated urinary oxalic acid levels when administered high dose vitamin C (4-10 g orally). In a trial investigating the effect of calcium citrate supplementation on urinary calcium oxalate saturation in female stone-formers, Levine et al. 32 and associates found that “calcium citrate supplementation did not increase the lithogenicity.” However, 2 years later in a study of vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers, these researchers reported that some individuals can experience an elevation in urinary oxalate levels after consuming 1000 mg of vitamin C per day, even in the absence of a history of kidney stones. 11 Auer et al. 33 expressed concern in reporting a small trial in which they observed sharp increases in excretion of urinary oxalate and sudden onset of hematuria due to formation of kidney stones in a single male subject who had consumed “large doses of ascorbic acid” for 8 days. Notably, in the paper describing the trial as a whole, these same authors “concluded that ingestion of large doses of ascorbic acid does not affect the principal risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.” 34

In an interesting line of research, several small trials and a decade of clinical experience have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of lemonade in improving urinary citrate levels and reducing the occurrence of hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis, in a manner similar to that of potassium citrate. 35-37

Oxalate formation is saturable, and most of the population is unlikely to experience this complication. Hoffer 38,39and other senior vitamin C researchers consider this kidney stone risk as exaggerated and inadequately demonstrated, possibly an artifact resulting from failure to acidify urine samples during collection. Some physicians experienced in nutritional therapies suggest that this risk may be mitigated by vitamin C's tendency to bind calcium, causing it to be excreted in urine, and rendering it unavailable for forming calcium oxalate stones. Likewise, Ester-C may be less likely than other forms of vitamin C to cause this rise in oxalate. Research is lacking to validate either of these propositions conclusively. Vitamin B6decreases oxalate production and may mitigate this risk. 31 Thiamine can also inhibit oxalate formation, as can correction of magnesium deficiency. 40 Nevertheless, health care professionals treating individuals at risk are advised to exercise extra caution in administering doses greater than 300 mg/day on a regular basis and to consider measuring urinary oxalate levels before and after beginning ascorbate supplementation.

Pregnancy and Nursing

Vitamin C is not known to cause mutations or birth defects in healthy individuals. 23 However, in one randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 722 pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia, researchers observed a slightly elevated incidence of small-for-gestational-age neonates among women administered vitamin C (1000 mg) and vitamin E (RRR alpha-tocopherol, 400 IU) versus placebo. 41 A larger trial would be necessary to determine if this is a statistically significant and etiological effect, or if these events occurred by chance.

Infants and Children

The risk of “rebound scurvy” has been reiterated in innumerable secondary sources for decades, even though substantive scientific evidence is lacking. Theoretically, rebound scurvy could potentially occur in infants if the mother takes megadoses of vitamin C during gestation. This assertion is largely based on one poorly controlled study done by Cochrane in 1965 involving two infants whose mothers who had consumed 400 mg of supplemental vitamin C during pregnancy. The vitamin C was discontinued abruptly after the births. These infants were receiving formula, and it was presumed that the formula had adequate levels of vitamin C. However, there was no analysis of the vitamin C content in the formula, nor was any attention given to the storage, preparation, or administration of the formula. 42 Thus, considering the number of women who have taken vitamin C during pregnancy, this small study occurring more than 30 years ago, and no similar cases documented, the risk is likely to be extremely low, if existent at all. The FNB Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds concluded that vitamin C does not cause “rebound scurvy” in healthy individuals. 23

Contraindications

  • Cystinuria.
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
  • Individuals with a history of hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, or other forms of iron overload.
  • Individuals with a history of recurrent nephrolithiasis, especially oxalate stone-formers, should avoid daily doses of 1000 mg or more outside the context of close supervision by an appropriately trained and experienced health care professional.
  • Megadoses (>4 g/day) in individuals with a history of renal failure outside the context of supervision by an appropriately trained and experienced health care professional, particularly on initiation of intake or significant change in dose.
  • Pregnant women should avoid daily doses above 500 mg without close medical supervision.

Use of doses greater than 1000 mg/day is generally contraindicated during forms of chemotherapy and radiation in which free-radical formation is an intentional part of the therapeutic mechanism. As discussed later, vitamin C and other antioxidants should be administered only in the context of direct supervision and close monitoring because of their potential inhibition of oxidation.

Precautions and Warnings

  • Patients with renal impairment or on chronic hemodialysis. Doses of vitamin C should not exceed 100 to 200 mg daily in individuals with renal failure.
  • Caution and close supervision are appropriate in administering vitamin C to individuals diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, sideroblastic anemia, or thalassemia.
  • Patients preparing for major surgery, particularly those at increased risk of hemorrhage, should not exceed 400 mg daily in the week before the procedure except under the supervision of an experienced health care professional. 43
  • Individuals with sensitivities to corn may react to commercially available forms of vitamin C because most are derived from corn. Ascorbates derived from sago palm have been produced for extremely corn-sensitive individuals.
  • Long-term intake of high doses of vitamin C may induce copper deficiency.

interactions review

Strategic Considerations

Whether in cardiovascular health, immune function, oncology, or preventing the common cold, vitamin C, or perhaps more accurately “the view of vitamin C,” may constitute the most contentious and misunderstood topic, and thus probably the greatest single test of scientific discovery and clinical pragmatism, in integrative therapeutics and patient self-care. For decades, vitamin C has been the subject of intense controversy in medicine, the virtual bogeyman of medicine's Cold War era, and with its central physiological roles and its pervasive therapeutic potential, it presents a central opportunity for transdisciplinary collaboration and the emerging model of integrative therapeutics. Leading scientists and experienced clinicians, and throngs of self-administering patients, have voiced strong support for the preventive and therapeutic value of ascorbic acid ever since it was taken up by Linus Pauling and the clinicians proposing “orthomolecular medicine.” On the side of the status quo, researchers and the institutions of conventional medicine have consistently voiced skepticism, disinterest, and often disdain for the exuberance of what they have seen as overamplified extrapolations of questionable anecdote. Nevertheless, the paradigm and treatment protocols of the pioneers and their successors have rarely been studied or applied intact by the conventional researchers who have investigated vitamin C. Richards, 44 Segerstråle, 45 and others have described a systematic pattern of bias against vitamin C therapeutics, particularly in contrast to conventional agents such as 5-fluorouracil and interferon. Hemilä 46 has suggested that “Pauling's conclusions were dismissed because of the fundamental divergence with the traditional notion that the only purpose of vitamin C is to prevent scurvy and not because of experimental findings.” He also cited the work of Goodwin and Tangum 47 as providing “several examples to support the conclusion that there has been systematic bias against the concept that vitamins might be beneficial in levels higher than the minimum required to avoid classic deficiency diseases.” 46

In the absence of a theoretically clear and clinically operative model of integrative medicine, a strident attitude and lack of respect on both sides have contributed to the absence of a substantive scientific debate, to the detriment of both scientific knowledge and patients. Fortunately, scientific knowledge of vitamin C has grown progressively, as has a deeper appreciation of nutritional therapies in general. Moreover, new “discoveries” have become possible with the greater openness in scientific research to incorporating the therapeutic models of natural medicine, and thus more accurately resembling its clinical practice. These changes within the broader world of medical practice, education, and research have opened the doorway for a more systematic and comprehensive study of vitamin C, its essential role in human health, possibilities for therapeutic application, and the operative considerations for beneficial and adverse interactions within a clinical context encompassing conventional pharmacology. Considering the widespread use of vitamin C by all sectors of the patient population, self-administered or prescribed by nonconventional health care professionals, the sparsity of substantive clinical research data is striking and the basis for any sweeping generalizations about benefits, dangers, or interactions woefully inadequate.

It is useful to divide the clinical investigation of vitamin C into its physiological (coenzyme and antioxidant) functions (up to intakes of 400 mg/day, at which point tissue levels become saturated) and its pharmacological dosage range (multigram doses orally, up to 100 g intravenously). Evidence suggests that high-dose, particularly parenteral, ascorbic acid functions as a redox potential–modulating agent rather than a vitamin or antioxidant. Confusion between these two distinct roles of ascorbic acid may be the source of conflicting data in this field.

Under certain conditions, ascorbic acid, whether from natural or synthetic sources, can interact with numerous pharmacological agents, beneficially, adversely, or bimodally, depending on clinical management. In particular, through its antioxidant activity and influence on drug-metabolizing enzymes, vitamin C may amplify or mitigate adverse effects (sometimes intended effects) of numerous pharmacological agents or, in some cases, potentially impair the desired therapeutic activity of such agents. Here the issue of ascorbic acid coadministration with chemotherapy or statin drugs has been the most contentious. In both regards, theoretical concerns about the antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects of vitamin C in conjunction with conventional therapies have been based all too often on questionable assumptions and limited research. Many conclusions have been made absent substantive evidence from large, lengthy, and well-designed trials focusing on the specific proposed interactions involving vitamin C. Health care professionals of all schools of thought and therapeutic approaches share these concerns, but those experienced in their application in clinical settings regularly point out that most cited research is preliminary and of only limited similarity to actual clinical practice. The paramount need is for well-designed and adequately powered trials that will critically assess the therapeutic use of vitamin C in these clinical contexts; determine the frequency, character, and clinical significance of any substantive interactions; and offer guidelines for shaping the clinical adaptations necessary for ensuring safety and optimizing outcomes. Moreover, in such investigations, particular attention must focus the form, dosage, and mode of vitamin C administration, concomitant conditions and treatments, and individual pharmacogenomic, lifestyle, and personal history factors characterizing the subject population, so as to discern specific influential variables and customize therapeutic responses accordingly.

Distinguishing use of vitamin C as nutritional supplement and patient self-care practice from high-dose ascorbic acid administration, orally or intravenously, by trained and experienced health care professionals applying coherent multidisciplinary strategies constitutes a critical first step to any meaningful scientific dialogue and productive research agenda. For example, approaches such as alternating administration but avoiding simultaneous intake, as practiced in many integrative oncology clinics, and purposeful selection of IV or oral administration represent significant clarifications that could benefit research design. Thus, in most observed interactions, doses less than 1 g/day are generally much less likely to precipitate adverse interactions, particularly given adequate separation of intake when indicated. High versus low dosage levels and IV versus oral administration almost always need to be considered as distinct from each other.

Likewise, few conclusive judgments can be made (or even hypothesized) as to the efficacy or risks of vitamin C within oncological treatment programs until further research is conducted into the contentious but largely unexplored issue of whether vitamin C always acts as an antioxidant or whether and when it may shift to pro-oxidant activity, as well as the corollary questions as to under what certain conditions this might occur and how that might affect interactions, effects, and outcomes. Further, the question of whether vitamin C can and should be investigated as an isolated nutrient or as a component of a broader nutrient-based interventions needs to be recognized, addressed, and sorted, especially with regard to such key issues as the preventive and therapeutic use of antioxidants and the respective emphasis on dietary versus supplement versus pharmacological forms. The important concepts embodied in the work of Bruce Ames and his collaborators regarding the importance of nutrients to genetic stability and exemplified by the extended SU.VI.MAX study in France provide useful models for the further development of research methodology that can deliver clinically relevant findings.

A wide range of drugs and drug classes can cause adverse effects or induce harmful reactions by interfering with the normal physiological activities of vitamin C and depleting functional levels in diverse tissues. As with most patterns of nutrient depletion or physiological impairment, patient susceptibility to clinically significant adverse effects from drug-induced vitamin C depletion depends largely on the nutritional status, concomitant medical conditions, and drug intake and other patient-specific factors, as well as the dosage level and treatment duration of the medication(s) involved. In some situations, coadministration of vitamin C, usually with synergistic nutrients, may only be appropriate for individuals with compromised nutritional status resulting from diet, disease, genetics, or medications, and then primarily in relation to intensive or prolonged drug regimens. In other situations, where concomitant ascorbic acid presents no significant risk of adverse effects or interactions, routine prophylactic administration may be judicious.

nutrient-drug interactions
Acetaminophen
Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) and Salsalate
Antihypertensive Medications (Generally)
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Cimetidine and Related Histamine (H 2 ) Antagonists
Corticosteroids, Oral and Topical, Including Prednisone
Cyclosporine
Desferoxamine and Related Chelating Agents
Disulfiram
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
Furosemide and Related Loop Diuretics
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Indinavir and Related Protease Inhibitors
Lansoprazole-Amoxicillin-Metronidazole (LAM) Triple-Therapy Regimen
Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Related Antiparkinsonian Medications
Methotrexate
Nitroglycerin and Related Nitrates
Oral Contraceptives: Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Estrogen Preparations (Synthetic Estrogen and Progesterone Analogs)
Propranolol and Related Beta-1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Tetracycline Antibiotics
theoretical, speculative, and preliminary interactions research, including overstated interactions claims
Aluminum Hydroxide and Related Aluminum-Containing Antacids
Amphetamines, Mixed
Ampicillin, Related Beta-Lactam and Other Antibiotics
Anticonvulsant Medications, Including Phenytoin and Valproic Acid
Clozapine and Related Atypical Antipsychotics
Epinephrine
Fenofibrate
Haloperidol and Other Neuroleptic Agents
Heparin, Unfractionated; Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Indomethacin and Related Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Isoniazid and Related Antitubercular Agents
Mexiletine
Phenothiazines

Evidence: Fluphenazine (Modecate, Permitil, Prolixin, Prolixin Decanoate, Prolixin Enanthate), perphenazine (Trilafon), thioridazine (Mellaril).

Extrapolated: Acetophenazine (Tindal), chlorpromazine (Largactil, Thorazine), mesoridazine (Serentil), methotrimeprazine (levomepromazine; Nozinan), pericyazine (Neuleptil); perphenazine combination drug: perphenazine and amitriptyline (Etrafon, Triavil, Triptazine); prochlorperazine (Compazine, Stemetil), promazine (Sparine), promethazine (Phenergan, Promacot, Promethegan), propiomazine (Largon), thiethylperazine (Torecan), thioproperazine (Majeptil), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), triflupromazine (Vesprin).

Hoffer, VanderKamp, Smythies, and others have discussed metabolic abnormalities involving ascorbic acid as potential contributors in the etiology of schizophrenia and other forms of mental illness. Such assertions remain contentious within conventional medicine, with no agreement on mechanisms of action and a lack of evidence from well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials.

Beauclair et al. 316 stated that 8 of 10 schizophrenic subjects in an uncontrolled trial reported decreases in disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and paranoia when ascorbic acid (8 g/day) was added to their standard drug therapy.

Dysken et al. 316a described a male patient with a history of manic behavior whose serum fluphenazine levels decreased by 25% (from 0.93 to 0.705 ng/mL) and whose clinical condition greatly deteriorated over 13 days during which 500 mg ascorbic acid was taken twice daily.

Amenorrhea occurs in many female patients undergoing treatment with phenothiazines. In one clinical anecdote, Kanofsky et al. 317 described a 45-year-old woman taking thioridazine who resumed menstruating after initiating daily intake of 6 g of ascorbic acid.

No substantive body of qualified evidence or clear pattern of interaction is present in these inconsistent data. Consequently, the question of whether a clinically significant interaction occurs with known probability cannot be answered at this time. Given the absence of a predictable generalized pattern of interaction, the medical condition of a given patient, their pharmacognomic individuality, concomitant medication regimen, and nutritional status all play potentially significant roles. Caution, close supervision, and regular monitoring are essential if acscorbic acid, in pharmacological doses, and a phenothiazine drug are used concomitantly. Controlled clinical trials may be warranted to determine the safety and efficacy of coadministration of vitamin C and neuroleptic agents.

Probenecid
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Antidepressants
Tacrine
Warfarin and Related Oral Vitamin K Antagonist Anticoagulants
nutrient-nutrient interactions
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Bioflavonoids
Copper
Folic Acid
Glutathione (GSH)
Grape Seed Extract
Iron
Lutein
Selenium
Taurine
Vitamin B 6
Vitamin B 12
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
herb-nutrient interaction
Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)
Citations and Reference Literature
  • 1.Carr A, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J 1999;13:1007-1024.
  • 2.Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Johnston CS. Vitamin C deficiency and depletion in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Am J Public Health 2004;94:870-875.
  • 3.Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Busch R, Bentley C. Safety and tolerance of ester-C compared with regular ascorbic acid. Adv Ther 2006;23:171-178.View Abstract
  • 4.Agus DB, Vera JC, Golde DW. Stromal cell oxidation: a mechanism by which tumors obtain vitamin C. Cancer Res 1999;59:4555-4558.View Abstract
  • 5.Okunieff P, Suit HD. Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and combined drug effects of ascorbic acid with misonidazole in vivo on FSaII murine fibrosarcomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:377-381.View Abstract
  • 6.Okunieff P. Interactions between ascorbic acid and the radiation of bone marrow, skin, and tumor. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1281S-1283S.
  • 7.Prasad KN, Kumar A, Kochupillai V, Cole WC. High doses of multiple antioxidant vitamins: essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:13-25.View Abstract
  • 7a.Block KI, Koch AC, Mead MN, et al. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic efficacy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2007;33(5):407-418. Epub 2007 March 23.
  • 8.Benade L, Howard T, Burk D. Synergistic killing of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by ascorbate and 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole. Oncology 1969;23:33-43.View Abstract
  • 9.Bram S, Froussard P, Guichard M et al. Vitamin C preferential toxicity for malignant melanoma cells. Nature 1980;284:629-631.View Abstract
  • 10.Leung PY, Miyashita K, Young M, Tsao CS. Cytotoxic effect of ascorbate and its derivatives on cultured malignant and nonmalignant cell lines. Anticancer Res 1993;13:475-480.View Abstract
  • 11.Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:3704-3709.View Abstract
  • 12.Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9842-9846.View Abstract
  • 13.Casciari JJ, Riordan NH, Schmidt TL et al. Cytotoxicity of ascorbate, lipoic acid, and other antioxidants in hollow fibre in vitro tumours. Br J Cancer 2001;84:1544-1550.View Abstract
  • 14.Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC et al. Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:13604-13609.View Abstract
  • 15.Padayatty SJ, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM et al. Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases. Can Med Assoc J 2006;174:937-942.View Abstract
  • 16.Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: a major cause of DNA damage. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999;889:87-106.View Abstract
  • 17.Gregory JR, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. London: HMSO; 1990.
  • 18.Arab L, Schellenberg B, Schlierf G et al. Nutrition and health: a survey of young men and women in Heidelberg. Ann Nutr Metab 1982;26 Suppl:1-244.View Abstract
  • 19.Finch S, Doyle W, Bates CJ et al. Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. Vol 1. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. London: The Stationery Office; 1998.
  • 20.Life Sciences Research Office. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1995.
  • 21.The New Recommendations for Dietary Antioxidants. Corvallis, O re: Linus Pauling Institute; 2003.
  • 22.Higdon H. Vitamin C. Nutrient Index, Linus Pauling Institute’s Micronutrient Information Center. Corvallis, Ore: Linus Pauling Institute; 2004.
  • 23.Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences; 2000:95-185.
  • 24.Johnston CS. Biomarkers for establishing a tolerable upper intake level for vitamin C. Nutr Rev 1999;57:71-77.View Abstract
  • 25.Block G, Mangels AR, Patterson BH et al. Body weight and prior depletion affect plasma ascorbate levels attained on identical vitamin C intake: a controlled-diet study. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:628-637.View Abstract
  • 26.Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J et al. Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:736-745.View Abstract
  • 27.Campbell GD Jr, Steinberg MH, Bower JD. Ascorbic acid-induced hemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:810.View Abstract
  • 28.Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to serum vitamin B12, serum ferritin, and kidney stones in US adults. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:619-624.View Abstract
  • 29.Traxer O, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY et al. Risk of calcium oxalate stone formation with ascorbic acid ingestion. American Urological Association 2001 Annual Meeting. Anaheim, Calif; 2001.
  • 30.Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of kidney stones in men. J Urol 1996;155:1847-1851.View Abstract
  • 31.Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:840-845.View Abstract
  • 32.Levine BS, Rodman JS, Wienerman S et al. Effect of calcium citrate supplementation on urinary calcium oxalate saturation in female stone formers: implications for prevention of osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:592-596.View Abstract
  • 33.Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. Relative hyperoxaluria, crystalluria and haematuria after megadose ingestion of vitamin C. Eur J Clin Invest 1998;28:695-700.View Abstract
  • 34.Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:143-147.View Abstract
  • 35.Seltzer MA, Low RK, McDonald M et al. Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1996;156:907-909.View Abstract
  • 36.Nakada S et al. Medical management of calcium oxalate stone formers with lemonade results in therapeutic urinary citrate and higher urine volumes than those on potassium citrate. Abstract 1537. American Urological Association 101st Annual Meeting. Atlanta; 2006.
  • 37.Kang D et al. Lemonade-based dietary manipulation in patients with hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis. Abstract 1038. American Urological Association 101st Annual Meeting. Atlanta; 2006.
  • 38.Hoffer A. Ascorbic acid and kidney stones. Can Med Assoc J 1985;132:320.View Abstract
  • 39.Hoffer A. Facts and factoids: an information sheet for patients. Accessed May 29, 2004: http://www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_factoids.html.
  • 40.Massey L. Magnesium therapy for nephrolithiasis. Magnes Res 2005;18:123-126.View Abstract
  • 41.Poston L, Briley AL, Seed PT et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1145-1154.
  • 42.Cochrane WA. Overnutrition in prenatal and neonatal life: a problem? Can Med Assoc J 1965;93:893-899.
  • 43.Blee TH, Cogbill TH, Lambert PJ. Hemorrhage associated with vitamin C deficiency in surgical patients. Surgery 2002;131:408-412.View Abstract
  • 44.Richards E. The politics of therapeutic evaluation: the vitamin C and cancer controversy. Soc Stud Sci 1988;18:653-701.
  • 45.Segerstråle U. Vitamin C and cancer: medicine or politics? Science 1992;255:613-615.
  • 46.Hemilä H. Linus Pauling and the role of vitamin C in diseases other than scurvy. Can Med Assoc J 2006;174.
  • 47.Goodwin JS, Tangum MR. Battling quackery: attitudes about micronutrient supplements in American academic medicine. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2187-2191.View Abstract
  • 48.Houston JB, Levy G. Drug biotransformation interactions in man VI: acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. J Pharm Sci 1976;65:1218-1221.View Abstract
  • 49.Mitra A, Ravikumar VC, Bourn WM, Bourcier DR. Influence of ascorbic acid esters on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol Lett 1988;44:39-46.View Abstract
  • 50.Mitra A, Kulkarni AP, Ravikumar VC, Bourcier DR. Effect of ascorbic acid esters on hepatic glutathione levels in mice treated with a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen. J Biochem Toxicol 1991;6:93-100.View Abstract
  • 51.Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2005;42:1364-1372.View Abstract
  • 52.O’Grady JG. Broadening the view of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2005;42:1252-1254.
  • 53.Rowden AK, Norvell J, Eldridge DL, Kirk MA. Updates on acetaminophen toxicity. Med Clin North Am 2005;89:1145-1159.View Abstract
  • 54.Prandota J. Important role of proinflammatory cytokines/other endogenous substances in drug-induced hepatotoxicity: depression of drug metabolism during infections/inflammation states, and genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes/cytokines may markedly contribute to this pathology. Am J Ther 2005;12:254-261.
  • 55.Pohle T, Brzozowski T, Becker JC et al. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in aspirin-induced gastric damage in humans: gastroprotection by vitamin C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:677-687.View Abstract
  • 56.McAlindon ME, Muller AF, Filipowicz B, Hawkey CJ. Effect of allopurinol, sulphasalazine, and vitamin C on aspirin induced gastroduodenal injury in human volunteers. Gut 1996;38:518-524.View Abstract
  • 57.Russell RI, Williamson M, Goldberg A, Wares E. Ascorbic-acid levels in leucocytes of patients with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet 1968;292:603-606.
  • 58.Loh HS, Watters K, Wilson CW. The effects of aspirin on the metabolic availability of ascorbic acid in human beings. J Clin Pharmacol 1973;13:480-486.View Abstract
  • 59.Coffey G, Wilson CW. Ascorbic acid deficiency and aspirin-induced haematemesis [letter]. Br Med J 1975;1:208.View Abstract
  • 60.Basu TK. Vitamin C–aspirin interactions. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1982;23:83-90.View Abstract
  • 61.Schulz HU, Schurer M, Krupp S et al. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on ascorbic acid concentrations in plasma, gastric mucosa, gastric juice and urine: a double-blind study in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42:481-487.View Abstract
  • 62.Grosser N, Abate A, Oberle S et al. Heme oxygenase-1 induction may explain the antioxidant profile of aspirin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;308:956-960.View Abstract
  • 63.Grosser N, Schroder H. Aspirin protects endothelial cells from oxidant damage via the nitric oxide–cGMP pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1345-1351.View Abstract
  • 64.Becker JC, Grosser N, Boknik P et al. Gastroprotection by vitamin C: a heme oxygenase-1-dependent mechanism? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;312:507-512.
  • 65.Byshchevskil A, Galiyan SL, Vakulin AA et al. [Influence of vitamins-antioxidants on antiaggregative effect of acetylsalicylic acid]. Ukr Biokhim Zh 1997;69:93-98.View Abstract
  • 66.Russell RI, Goldberg A. Effect of aspirin on the gastric mucosa of guineapigs on a scorbutogenic diet. Lancet 1968;292:606-608.
  • 67.Croft DN. Aspirin, vitamin-C deficiency, and gastric haemorrhage. Lancet 1968;2:831-832.View Abstract
  • 68.Sahud MA, Cohen RJ. Effect of aspirin ingestion on ascorbic-acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1971;1:937-938.View Abstract
  • 69.Johansson U, Akesson B. Interaction between ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid and their effects on nutritional status in man. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1985;55:197-204.
  • 70.Dammann HG, Saleki M, Torz M et al. Effects of buffered and plain acetylsalicylic acid formulations with and without ascorbic acid on gastric mucosa in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:367-374.
  • 71.Fiebich BL, Lieb K, Kammerer N, Hull M. Synergistic inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on prostaglandin E2 release in primary rat microglia. J Neurochem 2003;86:173-178.View Abstract
  • 72.Schumann K. Interactions between drugs and vitamins at advanced age. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1999;69:173-178.
  • 73.Nakazono K, Watanabe N, Matsuno K et al. Does superoxide underlie the pathogenesis of hypertension? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:10045-10048.
  • 74.Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L et al. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998;97:2222-2229.View Abstract
  • 75.Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M et al. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet 1999;354:2048-2049.View Abstract
  • 76.Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S et al. Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure. Hypertension 2002;40:797-803.View Abstract
  • 77.Elliott P, Stamler J, Dyer AR et al. Association between protein intake and blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:79-87.
  • 78.Gey KF. Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health: a critical and constructive review of epidemiology and supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer. Biofactors 1998;7:113-174.
  • 79.Simone CB, Simone NL, Simone CB. Nutrients and cancer treatment. Int J Integr Med 1999:20-24.
  • 80.Weijl NI, Hopman GD, Wipkink-Bakker A et al. Cisplatin combination chemotherapy induces a fall in plasma antioxidants of cancer patients. Ann Oncol 1998;9:1331-1337.View Abstract
  • 81.Burstein HJ, Gelber S, Guadagnoli E, Weeks JC. Use of alternative medicine by women with early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1733-1739.View Abstract
  • 82.Richardson MA, Sanders T, Palmer JL et al. Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2505-2514.View Abstract
  • 83.Bernstein BJ, Grasso T. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in cancer patients. Oncology (Williston Park) 2001;15:1267-1272; discussion 1272-1268, 1283.View Abstract
  • 84.Kumar NB, Hopkins K, Allen K et al. Use of complementary/integrative nutritional therapies during cancer treatment: implications in clinical practice. Cancer Control 2002;9:236-243.
  • 85.Standish LJ, Greene K, Greenlee H et al. Complementary and alternative medical treatment of breast cancer: a survey of licensed North American naturopathic physicians. Altern Ther Health Med 2002;8:68-70; 72-65.View Abstract
  • 86.Lee MM, Chang JS, Jacobs B, Wrensch MR. Complementary and alternative medicine use among men with prostate cancer in 4 ethnic populations. Am J Public Health 2002;92:1606-1609.
  • 87.Weiger WA, Smith M, Boon H et al. Advising patients who seek complementary and alternative medical therapies for cancer. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:889-903.View Abstract
  • 88.Lafferty WE, Bellas A, Corage Baden A et al. The use of complementary and alternative medical providers by insured cancer patients in Washington State. Cancer 2004;100:1522-1530.View Abstract
  • 89.Goldstein MS, Brown ER, Ballard-Barbash R et al. The use of complementary and alternative medicine among California adults with and without cancer. Evid Based Compl Altern Med 2005;2:557-565.
  • 90.Chan JM, Elkin EP, Silva SJ et al. Total and specific complementary and alternative medicine use in a large cohort of men with prostate cancer. Urology 2005;66:1223-1228.View Abstract
  • 91.Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology (Huntingt) 1999;13:1003-1008; discussion 1008, 1011-1002.
  • 92.Hoffer A, Pauling L. Hardin Jones biostatistical analysis of mortality data for cohorts of cancer patients with a large fraction surviving at the termination of the study and a comparison of survival times of cancer patients receiving large regular oral doses of vitamin C and other nutrients with similar patients not receiving those doses. J Orthomolec Med 1990;5:143-154.
  • 93.Hoffer A. Orthomolecular oncology. In: Quillin P, Williams RM, eds. Adjuvant Nutrition in Cancer Treatment. 1992 Symposium Proceedings. Arlington Heights, Ill: Cancer Treatment Research Foundation; 1994:331-362.
  • 94.Hoffer A. One patient’s recovery from lymphoma. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 1996:50-51.
  • 95.Moss RW. Antioxidants against Cancer. Brooklyn, NY: Equinox Press; 1999.
  • 96.Prasad KN, Cole WC, Prasad JE. Multiple antioxidant vitamins as an adjunct to standard and experimental cancer therapies. J Oncol 1999:1201-1078.
  • 97.Lamson DW, Brignall MS. Antioxidants in cancer therapy; their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:304-329.View Abstract
  • 98.Labriola D, Livingston R. Antioxidants and chemotherapy. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 1999.View Abstract
  • 99.Gignac MA. Antioxidants and chemotherapy: what you need to know before following Dr. Labriola’s advice. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2000:88-89.
  • 100.Reilly P. Dr. Labriola’s editorial on antioxidants and chemotherapy. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2000:90-91.View Abstract
  • 101.Hoffer A. Comments on “Mega-dose vitamins and minerals in the treatment of nonmetastatic breast cancer: an historical cohort study.” Integr Cancer Ther 2003;2:155-157.View Abstract
  • 102.Hoffer A. High doses of antioxidants including vitamin C do not decrease the efficacy of chemotherapy. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2004:120-121.
  • 103.D’Andrea GM. Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:319-321.
  • 104.Block KI. Why integrative therapies? Integr Cancer Ther 2006;5:3-6.
  • 105.Moss RW. Should patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy be prescribed antioxidants? Integr Cancer Ther 2006;5:63-82.
  • 106.Kong Q, Lillehei KO. Antioxidant inhibitors for cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 1998;51:405-409.View Abstract
  • 107.Brouwer CA, Gietema JA, van den Berg MP et al. Long-term cardiac follow-up in survivors of a malignant bone tumour. Ann Oncol 2006;17(10):1586-1591.View Abstract
  • 108.Taper HS, de Gerlache J, Lans M, Roberfroid M. Non-toxic potentiation of cancer chemotherapy by combined C and K3 vitamin pre-treatment. Int J Cancer 1987;40:575-579.View Abstract
  • 109.Poydock ME. Effect of combined ascorbic acid and B-12 on survival of mice with implanted Ehrlich carcinoma and L1210 leukemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1261S-1265S.View Abstract
  • 110.Ghaskadbi S, Rajmachikar S, Agate C et al. Modulation of cyclophosphamide mutagenicity by vitamin C in the in vivo rodent micronucleus assay. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1992;12:11-17.View Abstract
  • 111.Kurbacher CM, Wagner U, Kolster B et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) improves the antineoplastic activity of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel in human breast carcinoma cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 1996;103:183-189.View Abstract
  • 112.Taper HS, Keyeux A, Roberfroid M. Potentiation of radiotherapy by nontoxic pretreatment with combined vitamins C and K3 in mice bearing solid transplantable tumor. Anticancer Res 1996;16:499-503.View Abstract
  • 113.Fujiwaki R, Iida K, Ohnishi Y et al. Intra-arterial neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and radiotherapy for stage IIb cervical carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1997;17:3751-3755.View Abstract
  • 114.Weijl NI, Cleton FJ, Osanto S. Free radicals and antioxidants in chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev 1997;23:209-240.View Abstract
  • 115.Vasavi H, Thangaraju M, Babu JR, Sachdanandam P. The salubrious effects of ascorbic acid on cyclophosphamide instigated lipid abnormalities in fibrosarcoma bearing rats. Cancer Biochem Biophys 1998;16:71-83.View Abstract
  • 116.Israel R, Sonis S. Topical dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) reduces moderate to severe mucositis in the hamster acute radiation model. Abstract 2367. 36th American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting Program; 2000.
  • 117.Grad JM, Bahlis NJ, Reis I et al. Ascorbic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2001;98:805-813.View Abstract
  • 118.Das UB, Mallick M, Debnath JM, Ghosh D. Protective effect of ascorbic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular gametogenic and androgenic disorders in male rats. Asian J Androl 2002;4:201-207.View Abstract
  • 119.Franke SI, Pra D, da Silva J et al. Possible repair action of vitamin C on DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulfonate, cyclophosphamide, FeSO4 and CuSO4 in mouse blood cells in vivo. Mutat Res 2005;583:75-84.View Abstract
  • 120.Ray S, Sengupta C, Roy K. Evaluation of ascorbic acid as suppressor of cyclophosphamide induced lipid peroxidation using common laboratory markers. Acta Pol Pharm 2005;62:145-152.View Abstract
  • 121.Fujita K, Shinpo K, Yamada K et al. Reduction of Adriamycin toxicity by ascorbate in mice and guinea pigs. Cancer Res 1982;42:309-316.View Abstract
  • 122.Shimpo K, Nagatsu T, Yamada K et al. Ascorbic acid and Adriamycin toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1298S-1301S.View Abstract
  • 123.Muralikrishnan G, Amalan Stanley V, Sadasivan Pillai K. Dual role of vitamin C on lipid profile and combined application of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil treatment in fibrosarcoma-bearing rats. Cancer Lett 2001;169:115-120.View Abstract
  • 124.Wagdi P, Fluri M, Aeschbacher B et al. Cardioprotection in patients undergoing chemo- and/or radiotherapy for neoplastic disease: a pilot study. Jpn Heart J 1996;37:353-359.View Abstract
  • 125.Babu JR, Sundravel S, Arumugam G et al. Salubrious effect of vitamin C and vitamin E on tamoxifen-treated women in breast cancer with reference to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Cancer Lett 2000;151:1-5.View Abstract
  • 126.Kennedy DD, Tucker KL, Ladas ED et al. Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:1029-1036.View Abstract
  • 127.Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C et al. A Phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1030-1034.View Abstract
  • 128.Brock N, Stekar J, Pohl J et al. Acrolein, the causative factor of urotoxic side-effects of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide and sufosfamide. Arzneimittelforschung 1979;29:659-661.View Abstract
  • 129.Falkson G, Van Dyk JJ, Stapelberg R, Falkson HC. Mesnum as a protector against kidney and bladder toxicity with high-dose ifosfamide treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1982;9:81-84.View Abstract
  • 130.Speyer JL, Green MD, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A et al. ICRF-187 permits longer treatment with doxorubicin in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:117-127.View Abstract
  • 131.Wexler LH, Andrich MP, Venzon D et al. Randomized trial of the cardioprotective agent ICRF-187 in pediatric sarcoma patients treated with doxorubicin. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:362-372.View Abstract
  • 132.Links M, Lewis C. Chemoprotectants: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1999;57:293-308.View Abstract
  • 133.Hasinoff BB, Schnabl KL, Marusak RA et al. Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) protects cardiac myocytes against doxorubicin by preventing damage to mitochondria. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2003;3:89-99.View Abstract
  • 134.Simpson C, Herr H, Courville KA. Concurrent therapies that protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2004;8:497-501.View Abstract
  • 135.Lipshultz SE, Rifai N, Dalton VM et al. The effect of dexrazoxane on myocardial injury in doxorubicin-treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004;351:145-153.View Abstract
  • 136.Silber JH. Can dexrazoxane reduce myocardial injury in anthracycline-treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2004;1:16-17.
  • 137.Paiva MG, Petrilli AS, Moises VA et al. Cardioprotective effect of dexrazoxane during treatment with doxorubicin: a study using low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45:902-908.
  • 138.Lu P. Monitoring cardiac function in patients receiving doxorubicin. Semin Nucl Med 2005;35:197-201.View Abstract
  • 139.Iarussi D, Indolfi P, Casale F et al. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children with cancer: strategies for prevention and management. Paediatr Drugs 2005;7:67-76.View Abstract
  • 140.Cvetkovic RS, Scott LJ. Dexrazoxane: a review of its use for cardioprotection during anthracycline chemotherapy. Drugs 2005;65:1005-1024.
  • 141.Perez CA, Brady LW, Halperin EC, Schmidt-Ullrich RK. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998.
  • 142.Mehta MP. Protection of normal tissues from the cytotoxic effects of radiation therapy: focus on amifostine. Semin Radiat Oncol 1998;8:14-16.View Abstract
  • 143.Hensley ML, Schuchter LM, Lindley C et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3333-3355.View Abstract
  • 144.Ben-Josef E, Han S, Tobi M et al. Intrarectal application of amifostine for the prevention of radiation-induced rectal injury. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002;12:81-85.View Abstract
  • 145.Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, Chalian AA et al. Pilot study of postoperative reirradiation, chemotherapy, and amifostine after surgical salvage for recurrent head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:72-77.View Abstract
  • 146.Komaki R, Lee JS, Milas L et al. Effects of amifostine on acute toxicity from concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: report of a randomized comparative trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;58:1369-1377.View Abstract
  • 147.Birdsall TC, Alschuler LN, Martin J et al. Effect of concomitant naturopathic therapies on clinical tumor response to external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Society of Integrative Oncology’s Third International Conference. Boston; 2006.
  • 148.Bland J, Lord S, Swift K. Nutritional support for cancer patients: a basic program. Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001: Integrating Complementary and Alternative Therapies. Arlington, Va; 2001.
  • 149.Prasad K, Hawkins M. Antioxidants with radiation and chemotherapy: pros and cons. Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001: Integrating Complementary and Alternative Therapies. Arlington, Va; 2001.
  • 150.Boidin MP, Stuurman A, Erdmann W. Ascorbic acid prevents cimetidine-induced decrease of serum hydrocortisone concentrations. Pharm Weekbl Sci 1990;12:151-153.View Abstract
  • 151.Goralczyk R, Moser UK, Matter U, Weiser H. Regulation of steroid hormone metabolism requires L-ascorbic acid. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992;669:349-351.View Abstract
  • 152.Patak P, Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR. Vitamin C is an important cofactor for both adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Endocr Res 2004;30:871-875.View Abstract
  • 153.Mehra KS, Kumar A, Dubey SS, Palodhi GR. The effect of vitamin A and cortisone on ascorbic acid content in the aqueous humor. Ann Ophthalmol 1982;14:1013-1015.View Abstract
  • 154.Levine M, Asher A, Pollard H, Zinder O. Ascorbic acid and catecholamine secretion from cultured chromaffin cells. J Biol Chem 1983;258:13111-13115.View Abstract
  • 155.Buist RA. Drug-nutrient interactions: an overview. Int Clin Nutr Rev 1984;4:114.
  • 156.Chowdhury AR, Kapil N. Interaction of dexamethasone and dehydroepiandrosterone on testicular ascorbic acid and cholesterol in prepubertal rat. Arch Androl 1984;12:65-67.View Abstract
  • 157.Kodama M, Kodama T, Murakami M. The value of the dehydroepiandrosterone-annexed vitamin C infusion treatment in the clinical control of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). I. A pilot study of the new vitamin C infusion treatment with a volunteer CFS patient. In Vivo 1996;10:575-584.View Abstract
  • 158.Kodama M, Kodama T, Murakami M. The value of the dehydroepiandrosterone-annexed vitamin C infusion treatment in the clinical control of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). II. Characterization of CFS patients with special reference to their response to a new vitamin C infusion treatment. In Vivo 1996;10:585-596.View Abstract
  • 159.Kodama M, Kodama T. The clinical course of interstitial pneumonia alias chronic fatigue syndrome under the control of megadose vitamin C infusion system with dehydroepiandrosterone-cortisol annex. Int J Mol Med 2005;15:109-116.View Abstract
  • 160.Masugi J, Iwai M, Kimura S et al. Combination of ascorbic acid and methylprednisolone pulse therapy in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Intern Med 1994;33:165-166.View Abstract
  • 161.Parra Cid T, Conejo Garcia JR, Carballo Alvarez F, de Arriba G. Antioxidant nutrients protect against cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2003;189:99-111.View Abstract
  • 162.Lake K. Antioxidant vitamins E and C may interact with cyclosporine in heart transplant recipients. Abstract P900. American Transplant Congress. Washington, DC; 2003.
  • 163.Hussain MA, Green N, Flynn DM, Hoffbrand AV. Effect of dose, time, and ascorbate on iron excretion after subcutaneous desferrioxamine. Lancet 1977;1:977-979.View Abstract
  • 164.Sakagami H, Satoh K, Fukuchi K et al. Effect on an iron-chelator on ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;23:260-270.View Abstract
  • 165.Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE et al. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Nature 1998;392:559.View Abstract
  • 166.Beckman KB, Helbock HJ, Ames BN, Frei B. Vitamin C has not been shown to cause oxidative damage in vivo. April 17, 1998. Accessed December 13, 2005: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/new/beckman.html.
  • 167.Henry WL, Nienhuis AW, Wiener M et al. Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia and secondary myocardial iron deposition. Am J Med 1978;64:547-555.View Abstract
  • 168.Kolacinski Z, Rusinski P. [Biological and toxic effects of ethanol: diagnostics and treatment of acute poisonings]. Przegl Lek 2003;60:204-209.View Abstract
  • 169.Chick J, Gough K, Falkowski W et al. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:84-89.View Abstract
  • 170.Sprince H, Parker CM, Smith GG, Gonzales LJ. Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking. Agents Actions 1975;5:164-173.View Abstract
  • 171.Niblo G, Nowinski WW, Roark D. Effects of ascorbic acid in Antabuse-alcohol reactions. Dis Nerv Syst 1951;12:340-343.View Abstract
  • 172.Worner H. [Prophylaxis and treatment of critical conditions in the Antabuse-alcohol test]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1954;79:778-779.View Abstract
  • 173.Chen SH, Liu SH, Liang YC et al. Oxidative stress and c-Jun-amino-terminal kinase activation involved in apoptosis of primary astrocytes induced by disulfiram-Cu(2+) complex. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;414:177-188.View Abstract
  • 174.Gastaldello K, Vereerstraeten A, Nzame-Nze T et al. Resistance to erythropoietin in iron-overloaded haemodialysis patients can be overcome by ascorbic acid administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10 Suppl 6:44-47.View Abstract
  • 175.Tarng DC, Huang TP. A parallel, comparative study of intravenous iron versus intravenous ascorbic acid for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anaemia in haemodialysis patients with iron overload. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2867-2872.View Abstract
  • 176.Tarng DC, Wei YH, Huang TP et al. Intravenous ascorbic acid as an adjuvant therapy for recombinant erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients with hyperferritinemia. Kidney Int 1999;55:2477-2486.View Abstract
  • 177.Keven K, Kutlay S, Nergizoglu G, Erturk S. Randomized, crossover study of the effect of vitamin C on EPO response in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1233-1239.View Abstract
  • 178.Goldberg A. The enzymic formation of haem by the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin; importance of ascorbic acid, ergothioneine and glutathione. Br J Haematol 1959;5:150-157.View Abstract
  • 179.Lochhead AC, Goldberg A. Transfer of iron to protoporphyrin for haem biosynthesis: role of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Lancet 1959;2:271-272.View Abstract
  • 180.Bienfait HF, van den Briel ML. Rapid mobilization of ferritin iron by ascorbate in the presence of oxygen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980;631:507-510.View Abstract
  • 181.Bendich A, Cohen M. Ascorbic acid safety: analysis of factors affecting iron absorption. Toxicol Lett 1990;51:189-201.View Abstract
  • 182.Toth I, Bridges KR. Ascorbic acid enhances ferritin mRNA translation by an IRP/aconitase switch. J Biol Chem 1995;270:19540-19544.View Abstract
  • 183.Tarng DC, Huang TP, Wei YH. Erythropoietin and iron: the role of ascorbic acid. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16 Suppl 5:35-39.
  • 184.Bothwell TH, Bradlow BA, Jacobs P et al. Iron metabolism in scurvy with special reference to erythropoiesis. Br J Haematol 1964;10:50-58.View Abstract
  • 185.Ponka A, Kuhlback B. Serum ascorbic acid in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Acta Med Scand 1983;213:305-307.View Abstract
  • 186.Young IS, Trouton TG, Torney JJ et al. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in hereditary haemochromatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;16:393-397.View Abstract
  • 187.Horl WH. Is there a role for adjuvant therapy in patients being treated with epoetin? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14 Suppl 2:50-60.
  • 188.Gibbs MA. Ascorbic acid use in hyporesponders to Epoetin alfa. Nephrol Nurs J 2000;27:413-415.View Abstract
  • 189.Deira J, Diego J, Martinez R et al. Comparative study of intravenous ascorbic acid versus low-dose desferroxamine in patients on hemodialysis with hyperferritinemia. J Nephrol 2003;16:703-709.
  • 190.Chen WT, Lin YF, Yu FC et al. Effect of ascorbic acid administration in hemodialysis patients on in vitro oxidative stress parameters: influence of serum ferritin levels. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:158-166.View Abstract
  • 191.Srigiridhar K, Nair KM. Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or a combination of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid protects the gastrointestinal tract of iron-deficient rats against iron-induced oxidative damage during iron repletion. Br J Nutr 2000;84:165-173.
  • 192.Tarng DC, Huang TP, Chen TW, Yang WC. Erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness: from iron deficiency to iron overload. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;69:S107-S118.View Abstract
  • 193.Tarng DC, Hung SC, Huang TP. Effect of intravenous ascorbic acid medication on serum levels of soluble transferrin receptor in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2486-2493.View Abstract
  • 194.Giancaspro V, Nuzziello M, Pallotta G et al. Intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency: a clinical trial. J Nephrol 2000;13:444-449.View Abstract
  • 195.Sezer S, Ozdemir FN, Yakupoglu U et al. Intravenous ascorbic acid administration for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia in iron loaded hemodialysis patients. Artif Organs 2002;26:366-370.View Abstract
  • 196.Lin CL, Hsu PY, Yang HY, Huang CC. Low-dose intravenous ascorbic acid for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia in diabetic hemodialysis patients with iron overload. Ren Fail 2003;25:445-453.View Abstract
  • 196a.Ogi M, Horiuchi T, Abe R, et al. [Comparison of intravenous ascorbic acid versus intravenous iron for functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients]. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 2004;46(8):804-809. [Japanese]
  • 197.Taji Y, Morimoto T, Okada K et al. Effects of intravenous ascorbic acid on erythropoiesis and quality of life in unselected hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 2004;17:537-543.View Abstract
  • 198.Makoff R. Vitamin replacement therapy in renal failure patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1999;25:349-351.View Abstract
  • 199.Chan D, Irish A, Dogra G. Efficacy and safety of oral versus intravenous ascorbic acid for anaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005;10:336-340.View Abstract
  • 199a.Chuang CL, Liu RS, Wei YH, et al. Early prediction of response to intravenous iron supplementation by reticulocyte haemoglobin content and high-fluorescence reticulocyte count in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18(2):370-377.
  • 200.Lee MG, Chiou WL. Mechanism of ascorbic acid enhancement of the bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide. Drug Metab Dispos 1998;26:401-407.View Abstract
  • 201.Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E, Rajnic A. [The effect of furosemide on urinary excretion of oxalic acid, vitamin C and vitamin B6 in chronic kidney failure]. Vnitr Lek 1998;44:127-131.
  • 202.Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Svac J et al. Peritoneal clearance and peritoneal transfer of oxalic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Artif Organs 1998;22:784-788.
  • 203.Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E. Influence of water and sodium diuresis and furosemide on urinary excretion of vitamin B(6), oxalic acid and vitamin C in chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1999;25:352-356.View Abstract
  • 204.Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M et al. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:166-172.View Abstract
  • 205.Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-1326.View Abstract
  • 206.Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-1592.View Abstract
  • 207.Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:53-56.View Abstract
  • 208.Slain D, Amsden JR, Khakoo RA et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:165-170.
  • 209.Sobala GM, Schorah CJ, Shires S et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut 1993;34:1038-1041.View Abstract
  • 210.Rood JC, Ruiz B, Fontham ET et al. Helicobacter pylori–associated gastritis and the ascorbic acid concentration in gastric juice. Nutr Cancer 1994;22:65-72.View Abstract
  • 211.Ruiz B, Rood JC, Fontham ET et al. Vitamin C concentration in gastric juice before and after anti–Helicobacter pylori treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:533-539.
  • 212.Rokkas T, Papatheodorou G, Karameris A et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric juice vitamin C levels: impact of eradication. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:615-621.
  • 213.Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Huang AH et al. Vitamin C and E supplements to lansoprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole triple therapy may reduce the eradication rate of metronidazole-susceptible Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2002;7:310-316.View Abstract
  • 214.Simon JA, Hudes ES, Perez-Perez GI. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to Helicobacter pylori serology in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:283-289.View Abstract
  • 215.Kockar C, Ozturk M, Bavbek N. Helicobacter pylori eradication with beta carotene, ascorbic acid and allicin. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2001;44:97-100.View Abstract
  • 216.Goldman CG, Barrado DA, Balcarce N et al. Effect of a probiotic food as an adjuvant to triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Nutrition 2006;22:984-988.View Abstract
  • 217.Fahn S, Cohen G. The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson’s disease: evidence supporting it. Ann Neurol 1992;32:804-812.
  • 218.Fahn S. An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson’s disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(1 Suppl):380S-382S.
  • 218a.Fahn S. A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1992;32 Suppl:S128-S132.
  • 219.Fahn S. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol 2005;252 Suppl 4:IV37-IV42.
  • 220.Li CL, Werner P, Cohen G. Lipid peroxidation in brain: interactions of l-dopa/dopamine with ascorbate and iron. Neurodegeneration 1995;4:147-153.View Abstract
  • 221.Fahn S. Is levodopa toxic? Neurology 1996;47:S184-S195.
  • 222.Ziv I, Zilkha-Falb R, Offen D et al. Levodopa induces apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells: a possible accelerator of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord 1997;12:17-23.
  • 223.Buhmann C, Arlt S, Kontush A et al. Plasma and CSF markers of oxidative stress are increased in Parkinson’s disease and influenced by antiparkinsonian medication. Neurobiol Dis 2004;15:160-170.
  • 224.Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Fahn S. Antiparkinsonian therapies and brain mitochondrial complex I activity. Mov Disord 1995;10:312-317.View Abstract
  • 225.Morita K, Levine M, Pollard HB. Stimulatory effect of ascorbic acid on norepinephrine biosynthesis in digitonin-permeabilized adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 1986;46:939-945.View Abstract
  • 226.Spector R, Eells J. Deoxynucleoside and vitamin transport into the central nervous system. Fed Proc 1984;43:196-200.
  • 227.Brown LAS, Jones DP. The biology of ascorbic acid. In: Cadena E, Packer L, eds. Handbook of Antioxidants. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1996:117-156.
  • 228.Go KG. The normal and pathological physiology of brain water. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 1997;23:47-142.View Abstract
  • 229.Nagayama H, Hamamoto M, Ueda M et al. The effect of ascorbic acid on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004;27:270-273.
  • 230.Linazasoro G, Gorospe A. [Treatment of complicated Parkinson disease with a solution of levodopa-carbidopa and ascorbic acid]. Neurologia 1995;10:220-223.View Abstract
  • 231.Sacks W, Simpson GM. Ascorbic acid in levodopa therapy [letter]. Lancet 1975;1:527.
  • 232.Sketris IS, Farmer PS, Fraser A. Effect of vitamin C on the excretion of methotrexate. Cancer Treat Rep 1984;68:446-447.View Abstract
  • 233.Bassenge E, Fink B. Tolerance to nitrates and simultaneous upregulation of platelet activity prevented by enhancing antioxidant state. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996;353:363-367.View Abstract
  • 234.Bassenge E, Fink N, Skatchkov M, Fink B. Dietary supplement with vitamin C prevents nitrate tolerance. J Clin Invest 1998;102:67-71.View Abstract
  • 235.Watanabe H, Kakihana M, Ohtsuka S, Sugishita Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of ascorbate on the preventive effect of nitrate tolerance in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1998;97:886-891.View Abstract
  • 236.Hinz B, Schroder H. Vitamin C attenuates nitrate tolerance independently of its antioxidant effect. FEBS Lett 1998;428:97-99.
  • 237.Sydow K, Daiber A, Oelze M et al. Central role of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species in nitroglycerin tolerance and cross-tolerance. J Clin Invest 2004;113:482-489.View Abstract
  • 238.Watanabe H, Kakihana M, Ohtsuka S, Sugishita Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the preventive effect of supplemental oral vitamin C on attenuation of development of nitrate tolerance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1323-1329.View Abstract
  • 239.Stockley IH. Drug Interactions. 6th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2002.
  • 240.Rivers JM, Devine MM. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and oral contraceptives. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:684-689.
  • 241.Nash AL, Cornish EJ, Hain R. Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen. Med J Aust 1979;2:277-281.View Abstract
  • 242.Weininger J, King JC. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on ascorbic acid metabolism in the rhesus monkey. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:1408-1416.View Abstract
  • 243.Morris JC, Beeley L, Ballantine N. Interaction of ethinyloestradiol with ascorbic acid in man. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1981;283:503.View Abstract
  • 244.Zamah NM, Humpel M, Kuhnz W et al. Absence of an effect of high vitamin C dosage on the systemic availability of ethinyl estradiol in women using a combination oral contraceptive. Contraception 1993;48:377-391.View Abstract
  • 245.Kuhnz W, Louton T, Humpel M et al. Influence of high doses of vitamin C on the bioavailability and the serum protein binding of levonorgestrel in women using a combination oral contraceptive. Contraception 1995;51:111-116.View Abstract
  • 246.DeSano EA Jr, Hurley SC. Possible interactions of antihistamines and antibiotics with oral contraceptive effectiveness. Fertil Steril 1982;37:853-854.View Abstract
  • 247.Back DJ, Orme ML. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;18:472-484.
  • 248.Shenfield GM. Oral contraceptives: are drug interactions of clinical significance? Drug Saf 1993;9:21-37.
  • 249.Tyrer LB. Nutrition and the pill. J Reprod Med 1984;29:547-550.View Abstract
  • 250.Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561-564.
  • 251.Webb JL. Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review. J Reprod Med 1980;25:150-156.View Abstract
  • 252.Thorp VJ. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin and mineral requirements. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76:581-584.View Abstract
  • 253.Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, Calif: Third Line Press; 1997.
  • 254.Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin Ther 1982;4:423-440.View Abstract
  • 255.Briggs M, Briggs MH. Changes in biochemical indices of vitamin nutrition in women using oral contraceptives during treatment with “Surbex 500.” Curr Med Res Opin 1974;2:626-630.
  • 256.Sanpitak N, Chayutimonkul L. Oral contraceptives and riboflavine nutrition. Lancet 1974;1:836-837.
  • 257.Briggs M. Oral contraceptives and vitamin nutrition [letter]. Lancet 1974;1:1234-1235.View Abstract
  • 258.Cummings FJ. Effect of oral contraceptive use on ascorbic acid and vitamin A in lactation. J Hum Nutr 1981;35:249-256.
  • 259.Prasad AS, Oberleas D, Moghissi KS et al. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients. II. Vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:385-391.View Abstract
  • 260.Mooij PN, Thomas CM, Doesburg WH, Eskes TK. Multivitamin supplementation in oral contraceptive users. Contraception 1991;44:277-288.View Abstract
  • 261.Veninga KS. Effects of oral contraceptives on vitamins B6, B12, C, and folacin. J Nurse Midwifery 1984;29:386-390.View Abstract
  • 262.Briggs M. Oral contraceptives and vitamin requirements [letter]. Med J Aust 1975;1:407.
  • 263.Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP et al. A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2:525-530.View Abstract
  • 264.Huang M, Li J, Teoh H, Man RY. Low concentrations of 17beta-estradiol reduce oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins in the presence of vitamin C and vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:438-441.
  • 265.Gonzalez JP, Valdivieso A, Calvo R et al. Influence of vitamin C on the absorption and first pass metabolism of propranolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;48:295-297.
  • 266.Freinberg N, Lite T. Adjunctive ascorbic acid administration in antibiotic therapy. J Dent Res 1957;36:260-262.View Abstract
  • 267.Omray A, Varma KC. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of tetracycline hydrochloride upon oral administration with vitamin C and vitamin B complex. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 1981;23:33-37.
  • 268.Bremenep SM, Alferova VA, Zgurskaia GN et al. [Changes in metabolism of vitamins B6, Bl2, PP, pantothenic acid and vitamin C in patients with chronic colitis of various etiology treated with tetracycline]. Antibiotiki 1967;12:343-347.
  • 269.Polec RB, Yeh SD, Shils ME. Protective effect of ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and mannitol against tetracycline-induced nephrotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1971;178:152-158.
  • 270.Naseer F, Alam M. The protective effect of ascorbic acid on oxytetracycline induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. J Pak Med Assoc 1987;37:73-75.View Abstract
  • 271.Cheek CC, Heymann HO. Dental and oral discolorations associated with minocycline and other tetracycline analogs. J Esthet Dent 1999;11:43-48.View Abstract
  • 272.Slanina P, Frech W, Bernhardson A et al. Influence of dietary factors on aluminum absorption and retention in the brain and bone of rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1985;56:331-336.
  • 273.Weberg R, Berstad A, Aaseth J, Falch JA. Mineral-metabolic side effects of low-dose antacids. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20:741-746.View Abstract
  • 274.Kirschbaum BB, Schoolwerth AC. Acute aluminum toxicity associated with oral citrate and aluminum-containing antacids. Am J Med Sci 1989;297:9-11.
  • 275.Bakir AA, Hryhorczuk DO, Ahmed S et al. Hyperaluminemia in renal failure: the influence of age and citrate intake. Clin Nephrol 1989;31:40-44.View Abstract
  • 276.Walker JA, Sherman RA, Cody RP. The effect of oral bases on enteral aluminum absorption. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2037-2039.View Abstract
  • 277.Gugler R, Allgayer H. Effects of antacids on the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;18:210-219.View Abstract
  • 278.Coburn JW, Mischel MG, Goodman WG, Salusky IB. Calcium citrate markedly enhances aluminum absorption from aluminum hydroxide. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17:708-711.View Abstract
  • 279.Nolan CR, DeGoes JJ, Alfrey AC. Aluminum and lead absorption from dietary sources in women ingesting calcium citrate. South Med J 1994;87:894-898.
  • 280.Fairweather-Tait S, Hickson K, McGaw B, Reid M. Orange juice enhances aluminium absorption from antacid preparation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:71-73.View Abstract
  • 281.Sakhaee K, Wabner CL, Zerwekh JE et al. Calcium citrate without aluminum antacids does not cause aluminum retention in patients with functioning kidneys. Bone Miner 1993;20:87-97.
  • 282.Sakhaee K, Ruml L, Padalino P et al. The lack of influence of long-term potassium citrate and calcium citrate treatment in total body aluminum burden in patients with functioning kidneys. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:102-106.View Abstract
  • 283.Domingo JL, Gomez M, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Influence of some dietary constituents on aluminum absorption and retention in rats. Kidney Int 1991;39:598-601.View Abstract
  • 284.Domingo JL, Gomez M, Sanchez DJ et al. Effect of various dietary constituents on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from drinking water and diet. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993;79:377-380.
  • 285.Domingo JL, Gomez M, Llobet JM, Richart C. Effect of ascorbic acid on gastrointestinal aluminium absorption. Lancet 1991;338:1467.
  • 286.Sifton DW et al. Physicians’ Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000:2953-2954.
  • 287.Alabi ZO, Thomas KD, Ogunbona O, Elegbe IA. The effect of antibacterial agents on plasma vitamin C levels. Afr J Med Med Sci 1994;23:143-146.View Abstract
  • 288.Shoeb HA, Al-Shora HI, Abdel-Salam T. Ascorbate as an induction inhibitor of beta-lactamase in a strain of Enterobacter cloacae. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995;21:398-401.View Abstract
  • 288a.Belicova A, Dobias J, Ebringer L, Krajcovic J. [The effect of ascorbic acid on the antibacterial activity of selected antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapeutic agents in in vitro conditions] Ceska Slov Farm 2000;49(3):134-138. [Slovak]
  • 289.Cursino L, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AMA. Synergic interaction between ascorbic acid and antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Brazil Arch Biol Tech 2005;48:379-384.
  • 290.Jurima-Romet M, Abbott FS, Tang W et al. Cytotoxicity of unsaturated metabolites of valproic acid and protection by vitamins C and E in glutathione-depleted rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 1996;112:69-85.View Abstract
  • 291.Ridge BD, Fairhurst E, Chadwick D, Reynolds EH. Ascorbic acid concentrations in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid [proceedings]. Proc Nutr Soc 1976;35:57A-58A.
  • 292.Pirmohamed M, Williams D, Madden S et al. Metabolism and bioactivation of clozapine by human liver in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;272:984-990.View Abstract
  • 293.Williams DP, Pirmohamed M, Naisbitt DJ et al. Neutrophil cytotoxicity of the chemically reactive metabolite(s) of clozapine: possible role in agranulocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283:1375-1382.View Abstract
  • 294.Maggs JL, Williams D, Pirmohamed M, Park BK. The metabolic formation of reactive intermediates from clozapine, a drug associated with agranulocytosis in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;275:1463-1475.View Abstract
  • 295.Linday LA, Pippenger CE, Howard A, Lieberman JA. Free radical scavenging enzyme activity and related trace metals in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:353-360.View Abstract
  • 296.Fischer V, Haar JA, Greiner L et al. Possible role of free radical formation in clozapine (Clozaril)–induced agranulocytosis. Mol Pharmacol 1991;40:846-853.View Abstract
  • 297.Cox BD, Clarkson AR, Whichelow MJ, Rutland P. Effect of adrenaline on plasma vitamin C levels in normal subjects. Horm Metab Res 1974;6:234-237.
  • 298.Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, Przybilla B. Phototoxic lysis of erythrocytes from humans is reduced after oral intake of ascorbic acid and d-alpha-tocopherol. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1997;13:173-177.View Abstract
  • 299.Pierce RC, Rowlett JK, Bardo MT, Rebec GV. Chronic ascorbate potentiates the effects of chronic haloperidol on behavioral supersensitivity but not D2 dopamine receptor binding. Neuroscience 1991;45:373-378.
  • 300.Gulley JM, Rebec GV. Modulatory effects of ascorbate, alone or with haloperidol, on a lever-release conditioned avoidance response task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999;63:125-129.View Abstract
  • 301.Rebec GV, Centore JM, White LK, Alloway KD. Ascorbic acid and the behavioral response to haloperidol: implications for the action of antipsychotic drugs. Science 1985;227:438-440.View Abstract
  • 302.Pierce RC, Clemens AJ, Shapiro LA, Rebec GV. Repeated treatment with ascorbate or haloperidol, but not clozapine, elevates extracellular ascorbate in the neostriatum of freely moving rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;116:103-109.
  • 303.Straw GM, Bigelow LB, Kirch DG. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations and psychiatric ratings in schizophrenic patients treated with ascorbic acid. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:130-132.View Abstract
  • 304.Owen CA Jr, Tyce GM, Flock EV, McCall JT. Heparin-ascorbic acid antagonism. Mayo Clin Proc 1970;45:140-145.
  • 305.Lahiri B, Lai PS, Pousada M et al. Depolymerization of heparin by complexed ferrous ions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992;293:54-60.View Abstract
  • 306.Liu Z, Perlin AS. Evidence of a selective free radical degradation of heparin, mediated by cupric ion. Carbohydr Res 1994;255:183-191.View Abstract
  • 307.Upritchard JE, Sutherland WH. Oxidation of heparin-treated low density lipoprotein by peroxidases. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:211-219.View Abstract
  • 308.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Salubrious effect of low molecular weight heparin on atherogenic diet-induced cardiac, hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and collapse of antioxidant defences. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;254:111-116.View Abstract
  • 309.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of low molecular weight heparin on oxidative injury and cellular abnormalities in Adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2003;146:201-210.View Abstract
  • 310.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. The cytoprotective role of a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment studied in an experimental model of glomerulotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;478:199-205.View Abstract
  • 311.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Favourable influence of low molecular weight heparin in mitigating the peroxidative membrane damage induced by a cytotoxic agent and an atherogenic diet. Hum Exp Toxicol 2003;22:229-235.
  • 312.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Protective effects of certoparin sodium, a low molecular weight heparin derivative, in experimental atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2004;339:105-115.View Abstract
  • 313.Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Favourable modulation of the inflammatory changes in hypercholesterolemic atherogenesis by a low-molecular-weight heparin derivative. Int J Cardiol 2006;106:338-347.
  • 314.Rajeswari A, Varalakshmi P. Low molecular weight heparin protection against oxalate-induced oxidative renal insult. Clin Chim Acta 2006;370(1-2):108-114.View Abstract
  • 314a.Ogilvy CS, DuBois AB, Douglas JS. Effects of ascorbic acid and indomethacin on the airways of healthy male subjects with and without induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981;67(5):363-369.
  • 314b.Matsuki Y, Akazawa M, Tsuchiya K, et al. [Effects of ascorbic acid on the free radical formations of isoniazid and its metabolites] Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(10):600-605. [Japanese]
  • 315.Demirpence E, Caner H, Bavbek M, Kilinc K. Antioxidant action of the antiarrhythmic drug mexiletine in brain membranes. Jpn J Pharmacol 1999;81:7-11.View Abstract
  • 316.Beauclair L, Vinogradov S, Riney SJ et al. An adjunctive role for ascorbic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia? J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:282-283.
  • 316a.Dysken MW, Cumming RJ, Channon RA, Davis JM. Drug interaction between ascorbic acid and fluphenazine. JAMA 1979;241(19):2008. (Case report)
  • 317.Kanofsky JD, Kay SR, Lindenmayer JP, Seifter E. Ascorbic acid action in neuroleptic-associated amenorrhea. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:388-389.View Abstract
  • 318.Tielens JA. Vitamin C for paroxetine- and fluvoxamine-associated bleeding. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:883-884.
  • 319.Madden S, Woolf TF, Pool WF, Park BK. An investigation into the formation of stable, protein-reactive and cytotoxic metabolites from tacrine in vitro: studies with human and rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;46:13-20.View Abstract
  • 320.Sullivan WR, Gangstad EO, Link KP. Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. XII. The effect of l-ascorbic acid on the hypoprothrombinemia induced by 3,3′ methylenebis (4-hydroxycoumarin) in the guinea. J Biol Chem 1943:477-485.
  • 321.Sigell LT, Flessa HC. Drug interactions with anticoagulants.JAMA 1970;214:2035-2038.
  • 322.Deckert FW. Ascorbic acid and warfarin. JAMA 1973;223:440.View Abstract
  • 323.Deckert FW. Warfarin metabolism in the guinea pig. I. Pharmacological studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1973;1:704-710.View Abstract
  • 324.Weintraub M, Griner PF. Warfarin and ascorbic acid: lack of evidence for a drug interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974;28:53-56.View Abstract
  • 325.Harris JE. Interaction of dietary factors with oral anticoagulants: review and applications. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95:580-584.View Abstract
  • 326.Rosenthal G. Interaction of ascorbic acid and warfarin. JAMA 1971;215:1671.
  • 327.Smith EC, Skalski RJ, Johnson GC, Rossi GV. Interaction of ascorbic acid and warfarin. JAMA 1972;221:1166.View Abstract
  • 328.Hume R, Johnstone JM, Weyers E. Interaction of ascorbic acid and warfarin. JAMA 1972;219:1479.
  • 329.Dedichen J. The effect of ascorbic acid given to patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy. Boll Soc Ital Cardiol 1973;18:690-692.View Abstract
  • 330.Feetam CL, Leach RH, Meynell MJ. Lack of a clinically important interaction between warfarin and ascorbic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975;31:544-547.
  • 331.Blakely JA. Interaction of warfarin and ascorbic acid. First Florence Conference on Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Florence; 1977:Abstract 99.
  • 332.Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227-250.View Abstract
  • 333.Nichols TW Jr. Alpha-lipoic acid: biological effects and clinical implications. Altern Med Rev 1997;2:177-183.
  • 334.Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-2342.View Abstract
  • 335.Filina AA, Davydova NG, Endrikhovskii SN, Shamshinova AM. [Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol 1995;111:6-8.
  • 336.Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients: a 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie. Diabetes Care 1997;20:369-373.View Abstract
  • 337.Kagan VE, Shvedova A, Serbinova E et al. Dihydrolipoic acid—a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase: reduction of peroxyl, ascorbyl and chromanoxyl radicals. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;44:1637-1649.View Abstract
  • 338.Lu C, Liu Y. Interactions of lipoic acid radical cations with vitamins C and E analogue and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;406:78-84.View Abstract
  • 339.Vinson JA, Bose P. Comparative bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid alone or in a citrus extract. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:601-604.View Abstract
  • 340.De Souza RF, De Giovani WF. Antioxidant properties of complexes of flavonoids with metal ions. Redox Rep 2004;9:97-104.View Abstract
  • 341.Finley EB, Cerklewski FL. Influence of ascorbic acid supplementation on copper status in young adult men. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:553-556.
  • 342.Jacob RA, Skala JH, Omaye ST, Turnlund JR. Effect of varying ascorbic acid intakes on copper absorption and ceruloplasmin levels of young men. J Nutr 1987;117:2109-2115.View Abstract
  • 343.Vethanayagam JG, Green EH, Rose RC, Bode AM. Glutathione-dependent ascorbate recycling activity of rat serum albumin. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:1591-1598.View Abstract
  • 344.Li X, Qu ZC, May JM. GSH is required to recycle ascorbic acid in cultured liver cell lines. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001;3:1089-1097.View Abstract
  • 345.May JM, Qu Z, Li X. Requirement for GSH in recycling of ascorbic acid in endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;62:873-881.View Abstract
  • 346.Gao F, Yao CL, Gao E et al. Enhancement of glutathione cardioprotection by ascorbic acid in myocardial reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;301:543-550.View Abstract
  • 347.Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD et al. The combination of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 2005;23:427-434.
  • 348.Brise H, Hallberg L. Effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption. Acta Med Scand 1962;171 Suppl 376:51-58.View Abstract
  • 349.Conrad ME, Schade SG. Ascorbic acid chelates in iron absorption: a role for hydrochloric acid and bile. Gastroenterology 1968;55:35-45.
  • 350.Lynch SR, Cook JD. Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;355:32-44.View Abstract
  • 351.Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander L. Effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from different types of meals: studies with ascorbic-acid-rich foods and synthetic ascorbic acid given in different amounts with different meals. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1986;40:97-113.View Abstract
  • 352.Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander L. The role of vitamin C in iron absorption. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989;30:103-108.View Abstract
  • 353.Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander L. Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:140-144.View Abstract
  • 354.Hunt JR, Gallagher SK, Johnson LK. Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1381-1385.View Abstract
  • 355.Siegenberg D, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH et al. Ascorbic acid prevents the dose-dependent inhibitory effects of polyphenols and phytates on nonheme-iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:537-541.View Abstract
  • 356.Hoffman KE, Yanelli K, Bridges KR. Ascorbic acid and iron metabolism: alterations in lysosomal function. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1188S-1192S.View Abstract
  • 357.Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi KY, Yeung G. Treatment of anemia with microencapsulated ferrous fumarate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary (weaning) foods. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:791-795.View Abstract
  • 358.Proteggente AR, England TG, Rice-Evans CA, Halliwell B. Iron supplementation and oxidative damage to DNA in healthy individuals with high plasma ascorbate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;288:245-251.View Abstract
  • 359.Tanumihardjo SA, Li J, Dosti MP. Lutein absorption is facilitated with cosupplementation of ascorbic acid in young adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:114-118.View Abstract
  • 360.Mustacich D, Powis G. Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J 2000;346 Pt 1:1-8.
  • 361.Martin RF, Young VR, Blumberg J, Janghorbani M. Ascorbic acid-selenite interactions in humans studied with an oral dose of 74SeO3(2-). Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:862-869.View Abstract
  • 362.Mochizuki H, Takido J, Oda H, Yokogoshi H. Amplifying effect of dietary taurine on the induction of cytochrome P-450 and on the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in rats fed on phenobarbital-containing diets. Biosci Biotech Biochem 2000;64:405-407.View Abstract
  • 363.Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS et al. Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements. Arch Neurol 2004;61:82-88.
  • 364.Bruno RS, Ramakrishnan R, Montine TJ et al.α-Tocopherol disappearance is faster in cigarette smokers and is inversely related to their ascorbic acid status. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:95-103.View Abstract
  • 365.Bruno RS, Leonard SW, Atkinson J et al. Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;40:689-697.View Abstract
  • 366.Merkel RL. The use of menadione bisulfite and ascorbic acid in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1952;64:416-418.View Abstract
  • 367.Venugopal M, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J et al. Synergistic antitumor activity of vitamins C and K3 on human urologic tumor cell lines. Life Sci 1996;59:1389-1400.
  • 368.Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Arnold D et al. Cancer cell necrosis by autoschizis: synergism of antitumor activity of vitamin C:vitamin K3 on human bladder carcinoma T24 cells. Scanning 1998;20:564-575.View Abstract
  • 369.Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Arnold D, Summers JL. Autoschizis: another cell death for cancer cells induced by oxidative stress. Ital J Anat Embryol 2001;106:79-92.
  • 370.Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Arnold D et al. Ultrastructural aspects of autoschizis: a new cancer cell death induced by the synergistic action of ascorbate/menadione on human bladder carcinoma cells. Ultrastruct Pathol 2001;25:183-192.View Abstract
  • 371.Zhang W, Negoro T, Satoh K et al. Synergistic cytotoxic action of vitamin C and vitamin K3. Anticancer Res 2001;21:3439-3444.View Abstract
  • 372.Futrakul N, Boonyen M, Patumraj S et al. Treatment of glomerular endothelial dysfunction in steroid-resistant nephrosis with Ganoderma lucidum, vitamins C, E and vasodilators. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2003;29:205-210.
  • .[No authors listed.] A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(10):1439-1452.
  • .[No authors listed.] [Acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin C metabolism.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1974;94(24):1470. [Norwegian]
  • .[No authors listed.] Department of Health and Social Security: nutrition and health in old age: report on health and social subjects: no. 16. London: HMSO; 1979.
  • .[No authors listed.] MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9326):23-33.
  • .[No authors listed.] MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering therapy and of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a wide range of patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease death: early safety and efficacy experience. Eur Heart J 1999;20(10):725-741.
  • .[No authors listed.] The difference between Dr. Linus Pauling’s recommendations and the Linus Pauling Institute’s recommendation for vitamin C intake. Corvallis, OR: The Linus Pauling Institute; 2004. Available at http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/paulingrec.html. Accessed November 23, 2005.
  • .[No authors listed.] The new recommendations for dietary antioxidants. Corvallis, OR: The Linus Pauling Institute; 2003. Available at http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/s-s00/recommend.html. Accessed November 23, 2005.
  • .Abudu N, Miller JJ, Attaelmannan M, et al. Vitamins in human arteriosclerosis with emphasis on vitamin C and vitamin E. Clin Chim Acta 2004;339(1-2):11-25.
  • .Adams LA, Angulo P. Vitamins E and C for the treatment of NASH: duplication of results but lack of demonstration of efficacy. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(11):2348-2350.
  • .Afifi AM, Ellis L, Huntsman RG, et al. High dose ascorbic acid in the management of thalassaemia leg ulcers: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol 1975;92(3):339-341.
  • .Ahmad S, Hoda A, Afzal M. Additive action of vitamins C and E against hydrocortisone-induced genotoxicity in human lymphocyte chromosomes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2002;72(4):204-209.
  • .Akikusa JD, Garrick D, Nash MC: Scurvy: forgotten but not gone. J Paediatr Child Health 2003;39(1):75-77.
  • .Alderton P, Gross J, Green MD. Role of (+-)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-1-yl)propane (ICRF-187) in modulating free radical scavenging enzymes in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Cancer Res 1990;50:5136-5142.
  • .Alderton PM, Gross J, Green MD. Comparative study of doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and epirubicin in combination with ICRF-187 (ADR-529) in a chronic cardiotoxicity animal model. Cancer Res 1992;52:194-201.
  • .Aliabadi-Wahle S, Gilman DA, Dabrowski GP, et al. Postburn vitamin C infusions do not alter early postburn edema formation. J Burn Care Rehabil 1999;20(1 Pt 1):7-14.
  • .Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J, et al. Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS 1998;12:1653-1659.
  • .Allwood MC. Factors influencing the stability of ascorbic acid in total parenteral nutrition infusions. J Clin Hosp Pharm 1984;9(2):75-85.
  • .Amatayakul K, Uttaravichai C, Singkamani R, et al. Vitamin metabolism and the effects of multivitamin supplementation in oral contraceptive users. Contraception 1984;30(2):179-196.
  • .Ames BN. A role for supplements in optimizing health: the metabolic tune-up. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004;423(1):227-234. (Review)
  • .Ames BN. DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. Mutat Res 2001;475(1-2):7-20. (Review)
  • .Ames BN. Increasing longevity by tuning up metabolism: to maximize human health and lifespan, scientists must abandon outdated models of micronutrients. EMBO Rep 2005;6(Suppl 1):S20-24. (Review)
  • .Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: a major cause of DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;889:87-106. (Review)
  • .Ames BN. The metabolic tune-up: metabolic harmony and disease prevention. J Nutr 2003;133(5):1544S-1548S. (Review)
  • .Ames BN, Atamna H, Killilea DW. Mineral and vitamin deficiencies can accelerate the mitochondrial decay of aging. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26(4-5):363-378. (Review)
  • .Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(4):616-658. (Review)
  • .Ames SC, Jones GN, Howe JT, et al. A prospective study of the impact of stress on quality of life: an investigation of low-income individuals with hypertension. Ann Behav Med 2001;23(2):112-119.
  • .Angell M, Kassirer JP. Alternative medicine: the risks of untested and unregulated remedies. N Engl J Med 1998;339:839-841. (Editorial)
  • .Anderson JW, Gowri MS, Turner J, et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects low density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:451-461.
  • .Anderson KE, Bodansky O, Kappas A. Effects of oral contraceptives on vitamin metabolism. Adv Clin Chem 1976;18:247-287. (Review)
  • .Anderson TW, Reid DBW, Beaton GH. Vitamin C and the common cold: a double-blind trial. Can Med Assoc J 1972;107:503-508. Correction in Can Med Assoc J 1973;108:133.
  • .Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;354(14):1477-1488.
  • .Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: design and rationale for the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 25 (ExTRACT-TIMI 25). Am Heart J 2005;149(2):217-226.
  • .Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn injuries. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:287-294.
  • .Appel LJ. Nonpharmacologic therapies that reduce blood pressure: a fresh perspective. Clin Cardiol 1999;22(Suppl III):III1-III5.
  • .Arvindakshan M, Ghate M, Ranjekar PK, et al. Supplementation with a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003;62(3):195-204.
  • .Audera C, Patulny RV, Sander BH, et al. Mega-dose vitamin C in treatment of the common cold: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2001;175(7):359-362.
  • .Aukerman D. Do vitamin C supplements reduce cardiovascular disease mortality? Am Fam Physician 2004;69(7):1723-1724.
  • .Ausman LM. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. Nutr Rev 1999;57(7):222-229.
  • .Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997;15(6):795-801.
  • .Bahlis NJ, McCafferty-Grad J, Jordan-McMurry I, et al. Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3658-3668.
  • .Baker B. Vitamin C deficiency common in hospitalized. Fam Pract News 1995:25.
  • .Baker EM, Hodges RE, Hood J, et al. Metabolism of ascorbic-1-14C acid in experimental human scurvy. Am. J Clin Nutr 1969;22:549-558.
  • .Baker EM, Hodges RE, Hood J, et al. Metabolism of 14C- and 3H-labeled L-ascorbic acid in Human scurvy. Am J Clin Nutr 1971;24:444-454.
  • .Balcke P, Schmidt P, Zazgornik J, et al. Ascorbic acid aggravates secondary hyperoxalemia in patients in chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:344-345.
  • .Ball DR. Vitamin C as placebo. Can J Anaesth 1995;42(8):750-751.
  • .Ballin A, Brown EJ, Koren G, et al. Vitamin C-induced erythrocyte damage in premature infants. J Pediatr 1988;113(1 Pt 1):114.
  • .Balz F. Antioxidant vitamins and heart disease. 60th Annual Biology Colloquium, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR, Feb 25, 1999.
  • .Bartley W, Krebs HA, O’Brien JRP. Vitamin C requirements of human adults: Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 280. London: HMSO; 1953.
  • .Basch CE, Syber P, Shea S. 5-A-day: dietary behavior and the fruit and vegetable intake of Latino children. Am J Public Health 1994;84:814-818.
  • .Bass WT, Malati N, Castle MC, et al: Evidence for the safety of ascorbic acid administration to the premature infant. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:133-140.
  • .Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Paul AA. Seasonal variations in vitamins A, C, riboflavin and folate intakes and status of pregnant of lactating women in a rural Gambian community: some possible implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:660-668.
  • .Baxter RC. Vitamin C and glaucoma. J Am Optom Assoc 1988;59:438.
  • .Beauclair L, Vinogradov S, Riney SJ, et al. An adjunctive role for ascorbic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia? J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7(4):282-283.
  • .Beckman KB, Helbock HJ, Ames BN, et al. Vitamin C has not been shown to cause oxidative damage in vivo. Available at http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/new/beckman.html. Accessed December 13, 2005. (Letter, unpublished)
  • .Beitz R, Mensink GB, Fischer B. Blood pressure and vitamin C and fruit and vegetable intake. Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47(5):214-220.
  • .Bellioni P, Artuso A, Di Luzio Parparatti U, et al. [Histaminic provocation in allergy: the role of ascorbic acid.] Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol 1987;9:419-422. [Italian]
  • .Bendich A, Langseth L. The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:124-136. (Review)
  • .Berendschot TT, Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, et al. Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120(12):1732-1737.
  • .Berenson JR, Swift RA, Ferretti D, et al. A prospective, open-label safety and efficacy study of combination treatment with melphalan, arsenic trioxide, and ascorbic acid in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma 2004;5(2):130-134.
  • .Berger TM, Polidori MC, Dabbagh A, et al. Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in iron-overloaded human plasma. J Biol Chem 1997;272(25):15656-15660.
  • .Bernstein BJ, Grasso T. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;15:1267-1272.
  • .Bielory L, Gandhi R. Asthma and vitamin C. Ann Allergy 1994;73:89-99.
  • .Birlouez-Aragon I, Delcourt C, Tessier F, et al. Associations of age, smoking habits and diabetes with plasma vitamin C of elderly of the POLA study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2001;71(1):53-59.
  • .Bjelke E. Dietary factors and the epidemiology of cancer of the stomach and the large bowel. Klin Prax Suppl 1978;2:10-17.
  • .Blanchard J. Depletion and repletion kinetics of vitamin C in humans. J Nutr 1991;121:170-176.
  • .Blanchard J, Tozer TN, Rowland M. Pharmacokinetic perspective on megadoses of ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1165-1171.
  • .Bland J. Nutrition and cancer: scientific basis and clinical applications. Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001. Arlington, VA, Oct 19-21, 2001.
  • .Bland J, Lord S, Smith K. Nutritional support for cancer patients: a basic program. Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001. Arlington, VA, Oct 19-21, 2001.
  • .Block G. Ascorbic acid, blood pressure, and the American diet. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;959:180-187.
  • .Block G. Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(Suppl 6):1310S-1314S.
  • .Block G, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, et al. Factors associated with oxidative stress in human populations. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156(3):274-285.
  • .Block G, Mangels AR, Patterson BH, et al. Body weight and prior depletion affect plasma ascorbate levels attained on identical vitamin C intake: a controlled-diet study. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18(6):628-637.
  • .Block KI. Creating an integrative program of cancer care. Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001. Arlington, VA, Oct 19-21, 2001.
  • .Block KI. Antioxidants in the news. Integr Cancer Ther 2005;4(4):271-273.
  • .Block KI. Why integrative therapies? Integr Cancer Ther 2006;5(1):3-6.
  • .Block KI, Gyllenhaal C. Commentary: the pharmacological antioxidant amifostine: implications of recent research for integrative cancer care. Integr Cancer Ther 2005;4(4):329-351. (Editorial)
  • .Blocke G, Menkes M. Ascorbic acid in cancer prevention In: Moon TE, Micozzi MS, eds. Nutrition and cancer prevention: investigating the role of micronutrients. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1989:341-348.
  • .Blot WJ, Li J, Taylor PR, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1483-1492.
  • .Blumenthal RD, Lew W, Reising A, et al. Anti-oxidant vitamins reduce normal tissue toxicity induced by radio-immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2000;86:276-280.
  • .Bode AM, Yavarow CR, Fry DA, et al. Enzymatic basis for altered ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid levels in diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191(3):1347-1353.
  • .Boidin MP, Stuurman A, Erdmann W. Ascorbic acid prevents cimetidine-induced decrease of serum hydrocortisone concentrations. Pharm Weekbl Sci 1990;12(4):151-153.
  • .Bornstein SR, Yoshida-Hiroi M, Sotiriou S, et al. Impaired adrenal catecholamine system function in mice with deficiency of the ascorbic acid transporter (SVCT2). FASEB J 2003;17(13):1928-1930.
  • .Branch DR. High-dose vitamin C supplementation increases plasma glucose. Diabetes Care1999;22:1218. (Letter)
  • .Braun BL, Fowles JB, Solberg L, et al. Patient beliefs about the characteristics, causes, and care of the common cold: an update. J Fam Pract 2000;49(2):153-156.
  • .Briggs M, Briggs MH. Vitamin C requirements and oral contraceptives. Nature 1972;238:277. (Letter)
  • .Briggs MH. Megadose vitamin C and metabolic effects of the pill. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;283(6305):1547.
  • .Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;159(3):319-324.
  • .Brzozowski T, Kwiecien S, Konturek PC, et al. Comparison of nitric oxide-releasing NSAID and vitamin C with classic NSAID in healing of chronic gastric ulcers; involvement of reactive oxygen species. Med Sci Monitor 2001;7(4):592-599.
  • .Bruggisser R, von Daeniken K, Jundt G, et al. Interference of plant extracts, phytoestrogens and antioxidants with the MTT tetrazolium assay. Planta Med 2002;68(5):445-448.
  • .Bruemmer B, White E, Vaughan TL, et al. Nutrient intake in relation to bladder cancer among middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:485-495.
  • .Bruno RS, Leonard SW, Atkinson J, et al. Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;40(4):689-697.
  • .Bruno RS, Ramakrishnan R, Montine TJ, et al. alpha-Tocopherol disappearance is faster in cigarette smokers and is inversely related to their ascorbic acid status. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(1):95-103.
  • .Bruunsgaard H, Poulsen HE, Pedersen BK, et al. Long-term combined supplementations with alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C have no detectable anti-inflammatory effects in healthy men. J Nutr 2003;133(4):1170-1173.
  • .Bucca C, Rolla G, Oliva A, et al. Effect of vitamin C on histamine bronchial responsiveness of patients with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1990;65:311-314.
  • .Buist RA. Drug-nutrient interactions: an overview. Int Clin Nutr Rev 1984;4(3):114. (Review)
  • .Burkitt MJ, Milne L, Raafat A. A simple, highly sensitive and improved method for the measurement of bleomycin-detectable iron: the ‘catalytic iron index’ and its value in the assessment of iron status in haemochromatosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001;100(3):239-247.
  • .Burr RG, Rajan KT. Leucocyte ascorbic acid and pressure sores in paraplegia. Br J Nutr 1972;28(2):275-281.
  • .Buss JL, Greene BT, Turner J, et al. Iron chelators in cancer chemotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2004;4(15):1623-1635. (Review)
  • .Buttery JE, Boord S, Ludvigsen H. Ascorbate interference in the urinary screen for acetaminophen. Clin Chem 1988;34:769.
  • .Byers T, Guerrero N. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin C and vitamin E in cancer prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:1385S-1392S.
  • .Byers T, Mouchawar J. Antioxidants and cancer prevention in 1997. In: Paoletti R, Sies H, Bug J, et al, eds. Vitamin C: the state of the art in disease prevention 60 years after the Nobel Prize. Milan: Springer; 1998:29-40.
  • .Cameron E. Protocol for the use of vitamin C in the treatment of cancer. Med Hypotheses 1991;36(3):190-194. (Review)
  • .Cameron E, Campbell A. Innovation vs. quality control: an “unpublishable” clinical trial of supplemental ascorbate in incurable cancer. Med Hypotheses 1991;36:185-189.
  • .Cameron E, Campbell A. The orthomolecular treatment of cancer: II: clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic acid supplements in advanced human cancer. Chem Biol Interact 1974;9(4):285-315.
  • .Cameron E, Campbell A, Jack T. The orthomolecular treatment of cancer: III: reticulum cell sarcoma: double complete regression induced by high-dose ascorbic acid therapy. Chem Biol Interact 1975;11(5):387-393.
  • .Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976;73(10):3685-3689.
  • .Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: reevaluation of prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978;75:4538-4542.
  • .Cameron E, Pauling L. Cancer and vitamin C. Philadelphia: Camino Books, Inc; 1993.
  • .Cameron E, Pauling L, Leibowitz B. Ascorbic acid and cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1979;39:663-681. (Review)
  • .Campbell A, Jack T. Acute reactions to mega ascorbic acid therapy in malignant disease. Scott Med J 1979;24:151.
  • .Campbell A, Jack T, Cameron E. Reticulum cell sarcoma: two complete ‘spontaneous’ regressions, in response to high-dose ascorbic acid therapy: a report on subsequent progress. Oncology 1991;48(6):495-497.
  • .Canoy D, Wareham N, Welch A, et al. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and fat distribution in 19 068 British men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:1203-1209.
  • .Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Spina AM, et al. Effect of vitamin C on pre-osteoblast gene expression. Arch Oral Biol 2005;50(5):481-496.
  • .Carr AC, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J 1999;13(9):1007-1024.
  • .Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(6):1086-1107.
  • .Casanueva E, Ripoll C, Meza-Camacho C, et al. Possible interplay between vitamin C deficiency and prolactin in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes: facts and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2005;64(2):241-247.
  • .Casanueva E, Ripoll C, Tolentino M, et al. Vitamin C supplementation to prevent premature rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:859-863.
  • .Cassileth BR, Deng G. Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer. Oncologist 2004;9:80-89.
  • .Castello T, Girona L, Gomez MR, et al. The possible value of ascorbic acid as a prophylactic agent for urinary tract infection. Spinal Cord 1996;34:592-593.
  • .Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, anascorbemia, and acute induced scurvy. Med Hypotheses 1981;7(11):1359-1376.
  • .Cathcart RF III. Vitamin C in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Med Hypotheses 1984;14:423-433.
  • .Chaika LA, Povolotskaia VA, Libina VV, et al. [The effect of paracetamol and its combinations with acetylsalicylic and ascorbic acids on lipid peroxidation processes in the rat liver.] Eksp Klin Farmakol 1996;59(1):43-46. [Russian]
  • .Chakrabarti RN, Dasgupta PS. Effects of ascorbic acid on survival and cell-mediated immunity in tumor bearing mice. IRCS Med Sci 1984;12:1147-1148.
  • .Chalmers TC. Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold: an evaluation of the evidence. Am J Med 1975;58:532-536.
  • .Chambers JC, McGregor A, Jean-Marie J, et al. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. Circulation 1999;99(9):1156-1160.
  • .Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA. Scurvy. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, eds. Textbook of dermatology. Boston: Blackwell Science; 1998: 2661.
  • .Chan AC, Chow CK, Chiu D. Interaction of antioxidants and their implication in genetic anemia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;222(3):274-282. (Review)
  • .Chandra DB, Varma R, Ahmad S, et al. Vitamin C in the human aqueous humour and cataracts. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1986;56:165-168.
  • .Chapman RW, Hussain MA, Gorman A, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on serum ferritin concentration in patients with beta-thalassaemia major and iron overload. J Clin Pathol 1982;35(5):487-491.
  • .Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:810-816.
  • .Charlton KE, Rabinowitz TL, Geffen LN, et al. Lowered plasma vitamin C, but not vitamin E, concentrations in dementia patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2004;8(2):99-107.
  • .Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US women. Epidemiology 1999;10:679-684.
  • .Chatterjee IB. Evolution and the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid. Science 1973;182:1271-1272.
  • .Chattopadhyay S, Johnson DD, Millar GJ, et al. The effect of stress and warfarin on the adrenal gland in relation to spontaneous hemorrhage, as judged by measurement of adrenal ascorbic acid and serum corticosterone. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1971;26(2):275-288.
  • .Chen JY, Chu CC, So EC, et al. Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with intravenous administration of vitamin C. Anesth Analg 2006;103(6):1616-1617.
  • .Chen K, Suh J, Carr AC, et al. Vitamin C suppresses oxidative lipid damage in vivo, even in the presence of iron overload. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279(6):E1406-E1412.
  • .Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC, et al. Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102(38):13604-13609.
  • .Chen WT, Yan HC, Yu FC. Vitamin C improves vascular resistance in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2003;64(6):2325-2326.
  • .Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, et al. Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147(12):1162-1174.
  • .Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr, Hutchins K, et al. Effect of diet upon radiation response in cervical carcinoma of the uterus: a preliminary report. Acta Cytologica 1968;12:433-438.
  • .Chinery R, Brockman JA, Peeler MO, et al. Antioxidants enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in colorectal cancer: a p53-independent induction of p21WAFI/CIPI via C/EBPb. Nature Med 1997;3:1233-1241.
  • .Chistolini A, Mazzucconi G, De Sanctis V, et al. Ascorbic acid for the treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 1992;77(2):187-188.
  • .Chow WA, Synold TW, Tetef ML, et al. Feasibility and pharmacokinetic study of infusional dexrazoxane and dose-intensive doxorubicin administered concurrently over 96 h for the treatment of advanced malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004;54(3):241-248.
  • .Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, et al. Prospective cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and the risk of age-related maculopathy. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149(5):476-484.
  • .Christen WG, Liu S, Schaumberg DA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cataract in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(6):1417-1422.
  • .Chuang CL, Liu RS, Wei YH, et al. Early prediction of response to intravenous iron supplementation by reticulocyte haemoglobin content and high-fluorescence reticulocyte count in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18(2):370-377.
  • .Cohen G. Enzymatic/nonenzymatic sources of oxyradicals and regulation of antioxidant defenses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;738:8-14. (Review)
  • .Cohen HA, Neuman I, Nahum H. Blocking effect of vitamin C in exercise-induced asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:367-370.
  • .Cohen HA, Varsano I, Kahan E, et al. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:217-221.
  • .Cohen M, Bhagavan HN. Ascorbic acid and gastrointestinal cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:565-578.
  • .Cohen MH, Krasnow SH. Cure of advanced Lewis lung carcinoma (LL): a new treatment strategy. Proc AACR 1987;28:416.
  • .Cole WC, Prasad KN. Contrasting effects of vitamins as modulators of apoptosis in cancer cells and normal cells: a review. Nutr Cancer 1997;29:97-103. (Review)
  • .Collins N. Adding vitamin C to the wound management mix. Adv Skin Wound Care 2004;17(3):109-112.
  • .Conte D, Brunelli L, Ferrario L, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid on desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Acta Haematol 1984;72:117-120.
  • .Cooke MS, Evans MD, Podmore ID, et al. Novel repair action of vitamin C upon in vivo oxidative DNA damage. FEBS Lett 1998;439(3):363-367.
  • .Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process: First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992;52:6735-6740.
  • .Correa P, Malcom E, Schmidt B, et al. Antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12 (Suppl 1):73-82.
  • .Crandon JH, Lennihan R Jr, Mikal S, et al. Ascorbic acid economy in surgical patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1961;92:246-267.
  • .Crayhon R. The synergistic approach: the future of nutrition therapy. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, February 2001.
  • .Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O’Fallon JR, et al. Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer: a controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1979;301(13):687-690.
  • .Cross JM, Donald AE, Nuttall SL, et al. Vitamin C improves resistance but not conduit artery endothelial function in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2003;63:4:1433-1442.
  • .Cunningham J. The glucose/insulin system and vitamin C: implications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:105-108.
  • .Dai G, Chou N, He L, et al. Retinoid X receptor alpha regulates the expression of glutathione s-transferase genes and modulates acetaminophen-glutathione conjugation in mouse liver. Mol Pharmacol 2005;68(6):1590-1596.
  • .Dammann HG, Saleki M, Torz M, et al. Effects of buffered and plain acetylsalicylic acid formulations with and without ascorbic acid on gastric mucosa in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(3):367-374.
  • .Daniel TA, Nawarskas JJ. Vitamin C in the prevention of nitrate tolerance. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(10):1193-1197.
  • .Daniels A, Everson GJ. Influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on urinary excretion of ascorbic acid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 35:20-24, 1936-1937.
  • .Darko D, Dornhorst A, Kelly FJ, et al. Lack of effect of oral vitamin C on blood pressure, oxidative stress and endothelial function in type II diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002;103(4):339-344.
  • .Darlow BA, Buss H, McGill F, et al. Vitamin C supplementation in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90(2):F117-F122.
  • .Darr D, Combs S, Dunston S, et al. Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:247-253.
  • .Darr D, Dunston S, Faust H, et al. Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Derm Venereol 1996;76:264-268.
  • .Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. J Am Coll Nutr 2004.23:669-682.
  • .Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, et al. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18(2):166-170.
  • .Dawson EB, Harris WA, Rankin WE, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid on male fertility. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:312-323.
  • .de Burgos AM, Wartanowicz M, Ziemlanowski S. Blood vitamin and lipid levels in overweight and obese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:803-808.
  • .de la Fuente M, Ferrandez MD, Burgos MS, et al. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;76(4):373-380.
  • .De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr 1998;128:797-803.
  • .Dedichen HG. [Phenylbutazone and vitamin C.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1975;95(7):452-453. [Norwegian]
  • .Dedichen J. The effect of ascorbic acid given to patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy. Boll Soc Ital Cardiol 1973;18(7):690-692.
  • .Deicher R, Ziai F, Habicht A, et al. Vitamin C plasma level and response to erythropoietin in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19(9):2319-2324.
  • .DeRitter E. Physiologic availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. Science 1951;113:628-631.
  • .Diaz Z, Colombo M, Mann KK, et al. Trolox selectively enhances arsenic-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in APL and other malignant cell lines. Blood 2005;105:1237-1245.
  • .Diplock AT. Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(6 Suppl):1510S-1516S.
  • .Dolske MC, Spollen J, McKay S, et al. A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993;5:765-774.
  • .Doroshow JH. Redox modulation of chemotherapy-induced tumor cell killing and normal tissue toxicity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 15;98(4):223-225.
  • .Dostert P, Benedetti MS, Frigerio E. Effect of L-dopa, oxyferriscorbone and ferrous iron on in vivo lipid peroxidation. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1991;84(1-2):119-128.
  • .Douglas RM, Hemilä H. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. PLoS Med 2005;2:e168.
  • .Douglas R, Hemilä H, D’Souza R, et al. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD000980.
  • .Doyle J, Verman HJ, Stevenson DK, et al. Does vitamin C cause hemolysis in premature newborn infants? Results of a multicenter double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr 1997;130:103-109.
  • .Dreher F, Denig N, Gabard B, et al. Effect of topical antioxidants on UV-induced erythema formation when administered after exposure. Dermatology 1999;198(1):52-55.
  • .Dreher F, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, et al. Topical melatonin in combination with vitamins E and C protects skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema: a human study in vivo. Br J Dermatol 1998;139(2):332-339.
  • .Drisko JA, Chapman J, Hunter VJ. The use of antioxidant therapies during chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2003;88:434-439.
  • .Drisko JA, Chapman J, Hunter VJ. The use of antioxidants with first-line chemotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:118-123.
  • .Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, et al. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet 1999;354(9195):2048-2049.
  • .Dunn WA, Rettura G, Seifter E, et al. Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver: effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1984;259:10764-10770.
  • .Duyff RL. American Dietetic Association: complete food and nutrition guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 2002.
  • .Dwyer J, Nicholson LM, Shircore A, et al. Vitamin C intake and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. American Heart Association Annual Meeting. Mar 2, 2000. (Abstract)
  • .Dykes MHM, Meier P. Ascorbic acid and the common cold: evaluation of its efficacy and toxicity. JAMA 1975;231:1073-1079.
  • .Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, Przybilla B. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:45-48.
  • .Eipper B, Milgram SL, Husten EJ, et al. Peptidylglycine alpha amidating monooxygenase: a multifunctional protein with catalytic, processing, and routing domains. Protein Sci 1993;2:489-497.
  • .Eipper B, Stoffers DA, Mains RE. The biosynthesis of neuropeptides: peptide alpha amidation. Annu Rev Neurosci 1992;15:57-85.
  • .Engel R, Evens AM. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: a new treatment paradigm in cancer. Front Biosci 2006;11:300-312.
  • .Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2002;287(24):3223-3229.
  • .Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, et al. Antioxidant vitamins C and E improve endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: Endothelial Assessment of Risk from Lipids in Youth (EARLY) Trial. Circulation 2003;108(9):1059-1063.
  • .Ellison, NM, Londer H. Vitamin E and C and their relationship to cancer. In: Newell GR, Ellison NM, eds. Nutrition and cancer: etiology and treatment. New York: Raven Press; 1981.
  • .Ely JT. Ascorbic acid and some other modern analogs of the germ theory. J Orthomol Med 1999;14(3):143-156.
  • .Emadi-Konjin P, Verjee Z, Levin AV, et al. Measurement of intracellular vitamin C levels in human lymphocytes by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Clin Biochem 2005;38(5):450-456.
  • .Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2002;287(24):3223-3229.
  • .Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr 1986;6:365-406.
  • .Enstrom JE. Counterpoint: vitamin C and mortality. Nutr Today 1993;28:28-32.
  • .Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Breslow L. The relationship between vitamin C intake, general health practices, and mortality in Alameda County, California. Am J Public Health 1986;76:1124-1130.
  • .Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology 1992;3(3):194-202.
  • .Esteve J, Riboli E, Pequignot G, et al. Diet and cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx: the IARC multi-center study in southwestern Europe. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7:240-252.
  • .Etminan M, Gill SS, Samii A, et al. Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neuro 2005;4(6):362-365. (Review)
  • .Evans AT, Husain S, Durairaj L, et al. Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1648-1654.
  • .Fahn S. An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson’s disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(1 Suppl):380S-382S.
  • .Fahn S. A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1992;32(Suppl):S128-S132.
  • .Levy G, Louis ED, Cote L, et al. Contribution of aging to the severity of different motor signs in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2005;62(3):467-472.
  • .Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2498-2508.
  • .Fahn S, Sulzer D. Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in Parkinson disease. NeuroRx 2004;1(1):139-154. (Review)
  • .Fain O. Musculoskeletal manifestations of scurvy. Joint Bone Spine 2005;72(2):124-128.
  • .Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, et al. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1108-1013.
  • .Faruque O, Rahman Khan M, Rahman M, et al. Relationship between smoking and antioxidant status. Br J Nutr 1995;73:625-632.
  • .Feiz HR, Mobarhan S. Does vitamin C intake slow the progression of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected populations? Nutr Rev 2002;60(1):34-36.
  • .Feldman EB, Gold S, Greene J, et al. Ascorbic acid supplements and blood pressure: a four-week pilot study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;342-344.
  • .Fenech M. Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for genomic stability. Mutat Res 2001;480-481:51-54.
  • .Fennessy FM, Moneley DS, Wang JH, et al. Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers. Circulation 2003;107:410-415.
  • .Finch S, Doyle W, Bates CJ, et al. National diet and nutrition survey: people aged 65 years and over: volume 1: report of the diet and nutrition survey. London: The Stationery Office; 1998.
  • .Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Penkowa M, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2004;558(Pt 2):633-645.
  • .Fitzpatrick RE, Rostan EF. Double-blind, half-face study comparing topical vitamin C and vehicle for rejuvenation of photodamage. Dermatol Surg 2002;38(3):231-236.
  • .Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Greenberg RS. Epidemiologic studies of antioxidants and cancer in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:419-427.
  • .Flandina C, Sanguedolce R, Rausa L, et al. Ameliorative effects of ICRF-187 [(+)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-1-yl)propane] on the cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin or by isoproterenol in the mouse. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1990;70:259-272.
  • .Fletcher AE, Breeze E, Shetty PS. Antioxidant vitamins and mortality in older persons: findings from the nutrition add-on study to the Medical Research Council Trial of Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(5):999-1010.
  • .Foley DJ, White LR. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease: food for thought. JAMA 2002;287(24):3261-3263.
  • .Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin C: dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185.
  • .Fortner BR Jr, Danziger RE, Rabinowitz PS, et al. The effect of ascorbic acid on cutaneous and nasal response to histamine and allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982;69:484-488.
  • .Fotherby MD, Williams JC, Forster LA, et al. Effect of vitamin C on ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipids in older persons. J Hypertens 2000;18:411-415.
  • .Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Iron toxicity and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology 2002;180(1):23-32. (Review)
  • .Frei B. On the role of vitamin C and other antioxidants in atherogenesis and vascular dysfunction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;222(3):196-204.
  • .Frei B. To C or not to C, that is the question! J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42(2):253-255.
  • .Frei B. Vitamin C doesn’t cause cancer! Linus Pauling Institute Newsletter, Fall/Winter 2001. (Review)
  • .Fuchs J, Kern H. Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by D-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: a clinical study using solar simulated radiation. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25(9):1006-1012.
  • .Fujisaki G, Inokuchi C, Murashige N. Doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury. N Engl J Med 2004;351(18):1908-1909.
  • .Fujita K, Shinpo K, Yamada K, et al. Reduction of Adriamycin toxicity by ascorbate in mice and guinea pigs. Cancer Res 1982;42(1):309-316.
  • .Gaby AR. “Safe upper limits” for nutritional supplements: one giant step backward. J Orthomol Med 2003;18(3-4):126-130.
  • .Gaby AR. The myth of rebound scurvy. Townsend Letter for Doctors, June 2000;122. (Review)
  • .Gaby SK, Singh VN. Vitamin C. In: Gaby SK, Bendich A, Sing VN, et al, eds. Vitamin intake and health: a scientific review. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1991:103-161.
  • .Gaede P, Poulsen HE, Parving HH, et al. Double-blind, randomised study of the effect of combined treatment with vitamin C and E on albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2001;18(9):756-760.
  • .Gale CR, Martyn CN, Winter PD, et al. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohorts of elderly people. Br Med J 1995;310:1563-1566.
  • .Gandini S, Merzenich H, Robertson C, et al. Meta-analysis of studies on breast cancer risk and diet: the role of fruit and vegetable consumption and the intake of associated micronutrients. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:636-646.
  • .Gershanovich ML. [Cardioxan: prevention of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity.] Vopr Onkol 2004;50(4):482-491. [Russian]
  • .Gerson CD, Fabry EM. Ascorbic acid deficiency and fistula formation in regional enteritis. Gastroenterol 1974;67:428-433.
  • .Gey KF. Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health: a critical and constructive review of epidemiology and supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer. Biofactors 1998;7(1-2):113-174. (Review)
  • .Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:787S-797S.
  • .Gey KF, Stahelin HB, Eichholzer M. Poor plasma status of carotene and vitamin C is associated with higher mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke: Basel Prospective Study. Clin Invest 1993;71(1):3-6.
  • .Ghosh SK, Ekpo EB, Shah IU. A double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of vitamin C treatment in elderly patients with hypertension. Gerontology 1994;40:268-272.
  • .Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Arnold D, et al. Autoschizis: another cell death for cancer cells induced by oxidative stress. Ital J Anat Embryol 2001;106(2 Suppl 1):79-92.
  • .Giuliano AR, Gapstur S. Can cervical dysplasia and cancer be prevented with nutrients? Nutr Rev 1988;56(1):9-16.
  • .Giunta JL. Dental erosion resulting from chewable vitamin C tablets. J Am Dent Assoc 1983;107:253.
  • .Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Frei B, et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999;99(25):3234-3240.
  • .Goldberg J, Flowerdew G, Smith E, et al. Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: an analysis of data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:700-710.
  • .Golde DW. Vitamin C in cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2003;2(2):158-159.
  • .Golik A, Weissgarten J, Evans S, et al. Changes in red blood cell glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes on long-term treatment with captopril and enalapril. Clin Chim Acta 1995;240(1):89-94.
  • .Gonzalez MJ, Miranda-Massari JR. Advances in vitamin C research. Integr Cancer Ther 2006;5(1):7-8.
  • .Goodwin JS, Tangum MR. Battling quackery: attitudes about micronutrient supplements in American Academic medicine. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2187-2191.
  • .Goralczyk R, Moser UK, Matter U, et al. Regulation of steroid hormone metabolism requires L-ascorbic acid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;669:349-351.
  • .Gorton HC, Jarvis K. The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing and relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory infections. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22(8):530-533.
  • .Graumlich JF, Ludden TM, Conry-Cantilena C, et al. Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Pharm Res 1997;14(9):1133-1139.
  • .Grebe G, Martinez-Torres C, Layrisse M. Effect of meals and ascorbic acid on the absorption of a therapeutic dose of iron on ferrous and ferric salts. Curr Ther Res 1975;17:382-397.
  • .Grebe M, Eisele HJ, Weissmann N, et al. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173(8):897-901.
  • .Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma: Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:141-147.
  • .Greene M, Wilson CW. Effect of aspirin on ascorbic acid metabolism during colds. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1975;2(4):369P. (Proceedings)
  • .Gregory JF III. Ascorbic acid bioavailability in foods and supplements. Nutr Rev 1993;51(10):301-303.
  • .Gregory JR, Foster K, Tyler H, et al. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. London: HMSO; 1990.
  • .Grundman M, Grundman M, Delaney P. Antioxidant strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2002;61(2):191-202.
  • .Grünewald RA. Ascorbic acid in the brain. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993;18(1):123-133.
  • .Guan W, Osanai T, Kamada T, et al. Time course of free radical production after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction and the effect of vitamin C. Jpn Circ J 1999;63:924-928.
  • .Gueguen S, Pirollet P, Leroy P, et al. Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, zinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22(4):303-310.
  • .Gulley JM, Rebec GV. Modulatory effects of ascorbate, alone or with haloperidol, on a lever-release conditioned avoidance response task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999;63(1):125-129.
  • .Gustafsson U, Wang FH, Axelson M, et al. The effect of vitamin C in high doses on plasma and biliary lipid composition in patients with cholesterol gallstones: prolongation of the nucleation time. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(5):387-391.
  • .Halberstein RA, Abrahmsohn GM. Clinical management and control of alveolalgia (“dry socket”) with vitamin C. Am J Dent 2003;16(3):152-154.
  • .Hallberg D, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthen L. Is there a physiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:324-332.
  • .Hallberg L. Wheat fiber, phytates and iron absorption. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1987;129:73-79.
  • .Hallberg L, Rossander L. Improvement of iron nutrition in developing countries: comparison of adding meat, soy protein, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and ferrous sulphate on iron absorption from a simple Latin American-type of meal. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39(4):577-583.
  • .Hallberg L, Rossander L, Persson H, et al. Deleterious effects of prolonged warming of meals on ascorbic acid content and iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36(5):846-850.
  • .Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of vitamin C. In: Packer L. Fuchs J, eds. Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: Marcel Decker; 1997:59-74.
  • .Halliwell B. Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo. Free Radic Res 1996;25:439-454.
  • .Halperin EC, Gaspar L, George S, et al. A double-blind, randomized, prospective trial to evaluate topical vitamin C solution for the prevention of radiation dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;26:413-416.
  • .Halvorsen BL, Carlsen MH, Phillips KM, et al. Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:95-135.
  • .Hamabe A, Takase B, Uehata A, et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the brachial artery in variant angina pectoris and the effect of intravenous administration of vitamin C. Am J Cardiol 2001;87(10):1154-1159.
  • .Hamilton KK. Antioxidant supplements during cancer treatments: where do we stand? Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001;5(4):181-182. (Review)
  • .Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Johnston CS. Vitamin C deficiency and depletion in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Am J Public Health 2004;94(5):870-875.
  • .Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305:335-339.
  • .Hanson JA, Gillespie JW, Grover A, et al. Gene promoter methylation in prostate tumor-associated stromal cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98(4):255-261.
  • .Hansten PD, Hayton WL. Effect of antacid and ascorbic acid on serum salicylate concentration. J Clin Pharmacol 1980;20:326-331.
  • .Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ. Ascorbate effect on cytokine stimulation of HIV production. Nutrition 1995;11(5 Suppl):684-687.
  • .Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ, Pauling L. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by ascorbate in chronically and acutely infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:7245-7249.
  • .Harris ED, Percival SS. A role for ascorbic acid in copper transport. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(Suppl 6):1193S-1197S.
  • .Harris JR, ed. Subcellular viochemistry: vol. 25: ascorbic acid: biochemistry and biomedical cell biology. New York: Plenum Press; 1996. (Review)
  • .Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(11):2485-2490.
  • .Haslam RHA, Balby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics 1984;74:103-111.
  • .Hathcock JN. Metabolic mechanisms of drug-nutrient interactions. Fed Proc 1985;44(1 Pt 1):124-129. (Review)
  • .Hathcock JN, Azzi A, Blumberg J, et al. Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(4):736-745. (Editorial)
  • .He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke. Lancet 2006;367:320-326. (Meta-analysis)
  • .Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev 2001;6(2):141-66. (Review)
  • .Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:23-33.
  • .Hemilä H. Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? [PhD thesis.] Helsinki, Finland: University of Helsinki; 2006:11-13, 35-50, 61-66. Available at http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kansa/vk/hemila/. Accessed April 12, 2006:
  • .Hemilä H. Does vitamin C alleviate symptoms of the common cold? A review of current evidence. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:1-6. (Review)
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J Sports Med 1996;17:379-383. (Review)
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr 1992;67:3-16.
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. Br J Nutr 1997;77(1):59-72.
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C, respiratory infections and the immune system. Trends Immunol 2003;24(11):579-580. (Letter)
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and common cold symptoms: factors affecting the magnitude of the benefit. Med Hypotheses 1999;52:171-178. (Review)
  • .Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and respiratory infections: a systematic review. Mil Med 2004;169(11):920-925. (Review)
  • .Hemilä H, Douglas RM. Vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999;3(9):756-761.
  • .Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for nutritional supplements. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001. (Review)
  • .Henmi H, Endo T, Kitajima Y, et al. Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on serum progesterone levels in patients with a luteal phase defect. Fertil Steril 2003;80(2):459-461.
  • .Henquin N, Havivi E, Reshef A, et al. Nutritional monitoring and counselling for cancer patients during chemotherapy. Oncology 1989;46(3):173-177.
  • .Herbert V, Jacob E. Destruction of vitamin B12 by ascorbic acid. JAMA 1974;230:241-242.
  • .Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX trial on antioxidants. IARC Sci Publ 2002;156:451-455.
  • .Hercberg S, Preziosi P, Galan P, et al. Vitamin status of a healthy French population: dietary intakes and biochemical markers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64:220-232.
  • .Herr HW. Conservative management of muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer: prospective experience. J Urol 1987;138:1162-1163.
  • .Hickey S, Roberts H. Ridiculous dietary allowance. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Press, Inc; 2005.
  • .Hirashima O, Hiroaki K, Motoyama T, et al. Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin C in patients with coronary spastic angina: possible role of reactive oxygen species. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(7):1860-1866.
  • .Hockertz S, Schettler T, Rogalla K. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, ascorbate and ibuprofen on the macrophage system. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42(8):1062-1068.
  • .Hoffer A. Facts and factoids: an information sheet for patients. 2000. Available at http://www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_factoids.html. Accessed May 29, 2004.
  • .Hoffer A. Vitamin C and cancer. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press; 2000.
  • .Hoffer A, Pauling L. Hardin Jones biostatistical analysis of mortality data for a second set of cohorts of cancer patients with a large fraction surviving at the termination of the study and a comparison of survival time of cancer patients receiving large regular oral doses of vitamin C and other nutrients with similar patients not receiving these doses. J Orthomol Med 1993b;8:1547-1567.
  • .Hoffer LJ. Complementary or alternative medicine: the need for plausibility. CMAJ 2003;168:180-182.
  • .Hoffer LJ. Proof versus plausibility: rules of engagement for the struggle to evaluate alternative cancer therapies. CMAJ 2001;164:351-353.
  • .Holt GA. Food and drug interactions. Chicago: Precept Press; 1998. (Review)
  • .Hoppu U, Rinne M, Salo-Vaananen P, et al. Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59(1):123-128.
  • .Horwitt MK, Harvey CC, Dahm CH Jr. Relationship between levels of blood lipids, vitamins C, A, and E, serum copper compounds, and urinary excretions of tryptophan metabolites in women taking oral contraceptive therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28(4):403-412.
  • .Hoyt CJ. Diarrhea from vitamin C. JAMA 1980;244:1674.
  • .Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ, et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(6):1843-1847.
  • .Huang HY, Appel LJ, Croft KD, et al. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on in vivo lipid peroxidation: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(3):549-555.
  • .Hughes RG, Williams N. Leucocyte ascorbic acid in Crohn’s disease. Digestion 1978;17:272-274.
  • .Huh CH, Seo KI, Park JY, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin C iontophoresis in melasma. Dermatology 2003;206(4):316-320.
  • .Humbert PG, Haftek M, Creidi P, et al. Topical ascorbic acid on photoaged skin: clinical, topographical and ultrastructural evaluation: double-blind study vs. placebo. Exp Dermatol 2003;12(3):237-244.
  • .Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C, E, and A and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;329:234-240.
  • .Hussain MA, Green N, Flynn DM, et al. Effect of dose, time, and ascorbate on iron excretion after subcutaneous desferrioxamine. Lancet 1977;1(8019):977-979.
  • .Hwang J, Sevanian A, Hodis HN, et al. Synergistic inhibition of LDL oxidation by phytoestrogens and ascorbic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29(1):79-89.
  • .Ihara H, Shino Y, Hashizume N. Recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C in the United States is also applicable to a population of young Japanese women. J Clin Lab Anal 2004;18(6):305-308.
  • .Imes S, Dinwoodie A, Walker K, et al. Vitamin C status in 137 outpatients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986:8:443-446.
  • .Ioannides C, Stone AN, Breacker PJ, et al. Impairment of absorption of ascorbic acid following ingestion of aspirin in guinea pigs. Biochem Pharmacol 1982;31(24):4035-4038.
  • .Ip C. Interaction of vitamin C and selenium supplementation in the modification of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;77(1):299-303.
  • .Irvin TT, Chattopadhyay DK, Smythe A. Ascorbic acid requirements in postoperative patients. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 1978;147:49-55.
  • .Irwin MI, Hutchins BK. A conspectus of research on vitamin C requirements in man. J Nutr 1976;106:821-879.
  • .Italian-American Cataract Study Group. Risk factors for age-related cortical, nuclear, and posterior sub-capsular cataracts. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:541-553.
  • .Iwamoto N, Nakakuma H, Ota N, et al. Ascorbic acid-induced hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes. Am J Hematol 1994;47:337-338.
  • .Jaakkola K, Lahteenmaki P, Laakso J, et al. Treatment with antioxidant and other nutrients in combination with chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 1992;12:599-606.
  • .Jacob RA. Vitamin C. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, et al, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 1999. (Review)
  • .Jacob RA, Skala JH, Omaye ST, et al. Effect of varying ascorbic acid intakes on copper absorption and ceruloplasmin levels of young men. J Nutr 1987;117:2109-2115.
  • .Jacobs EJ, Connell CJ, McCullough ML, et al. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and multivitamin supplement use and stomach cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:35-41.
  • .Jacobs EJ, Henion AK, Briggs PJ, et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156(11):1002-1010.
  • .Jacob RA, Sotoudeh G. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr Clin Care 2002;5:66-74.
  • .Jackson JA, Riordan HD, Hunninghake RE, et al. High-dose intravenous vitamin C and long-time survival of a patient with cancer of the head of the pancreas. J Orthomol Med 1995;10:87-88.
  • .Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr. Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:352S-355S.
  • .Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(7):1009-1019.
  • .Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, McGandy RB, et al. Antioxidant status in persons with and without senile cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:337-340.
  • .Jaques PF, Phillips J, Chylack LT, et al. Vitamin intake and senile cataract. J Am Coll Nutr 1987;6:435.
  • .Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:911-916.
  • .Jacques PF. The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1999;69(3):198-205.
  • .Jaffe RM, Kasten B, Young DS, et al. False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ann Intern Med 1975;83:824-826.
  • .Jakeman P, Maxwell S. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle function after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1993;67:426-430.
  • .Jarosz M, Dzieniszewski J, Dabrowska-Ufniarz E, et al. Effects of high dose vitamin C treatment on Helicobacter pylori infection and total vitamin C concentration in gastric juice. Eur J Cancer Prev 1998;7:449-454.
  • .Jatoi A, Daly BD, Kramer G, et al. A cross sectional study of vitamin intake in postoperative non small cell lung cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1998;68(4):231-236.
  • .Jennings PE, Chiroco S, Jones AF, et al. Vitamin C metabolites and microangiography in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res 1987;6:151-154.
  • .Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, et al. The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:860-872.
  • .Jialal I, Grundy SM. Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants in low density lipoprotein by ascorbate but not probucol during oxidative modification. J Clin Invest 1991;87:597-601.
  • .Jialal I, Singh U. Is vitamin C an antiinflammatory agent? Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):525-526. (Editorial)
  • .Johnston CS. Biomarkers for establishing a tolerable upper intake level for vitamin C. Nutr Rev 1999;57:71-77.
  • .Johnston CS. Recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;282(22):2118-2119.
  • .Johnston CS, Dancho CL, Strong GM. Orange juice ingestion and supplemental vitamin C are equally effective at reducing plasma lipid peroxidation in healthy adult women. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22(6):519-523.
  • .Johnston CS, Luo B. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94(7):779-781.
  • .Johnston CS, Martin LJ, Cai X. Antihistamine effect of supplemental ascorbic acid and neutrophil chemotaxis. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11(2):172-176.
  • .Johnston CS, Retrum KR, Srilakshmi JC. Antihistamine effects and complications of supplemental vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc 1992;92:988-989.
  • .Kaegi E, Task Force on Alternative Therapeutics of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative: unconventional therapies for cancer: 5. vitamins A, C, and E. CMAJ 1998;158(11):1483-1488.
  • .Kallner AB, Hartmann D, Hornig D. Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:530-539.
  • .Kallner AB, Hartmann D, Hornig DH. On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: steady state turnover and body pool in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1347-1355.
  • .Kaminski MS, Coleman CN, Colby TV, et al. Factors predicting survival in adults with stage I and II large-cell lymphoma treated with primary radiation therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:747-756.
  • .Kapil U, Singh P, Bahadur S, et al. Association of vitamin A, vitamin C and zinc with laryngeal cancer. Indian J Cancer 2003;40(2):67-70.
  • .Kaptchuk TJ. Effect of interpretive bias on research evidence. BMJ 2003;326:1453-1455.
  • .Kastrup EK, Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Nutrients and nutritional agents. In: Drug facts and comparisons. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 2000:4-5. (Review)
  • .Kaufman S. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. J Psychiatr Res 1974;11:303-316.
  • .Kaur B, Rowe BH, Ram FS. Vitamin C supplementation for asthma (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4:CD000993.
  • .Keniston RC, Nathan PA, Leklem JE, et al. Vitamin B6, vitamin C, and carpal tunnel syndrome: a cross-sectional study of 441 adults. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39(10):949-959.
  • .Kharb S. Total free radical trapping antioxidant potential in pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;69:23-26.
  • .Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet 2001;357(9257):657-663.
  • .Kim HS, Lee BM. Protective effects of antioxidant supplementation on plasma lipid peroxidation in smokers. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001;63(8):583-598.
  • .Kim JY, Lee SM. Effect of ascorbic acid on hepatic vasoregulatory gene expression during polymicrobial sepsis. Life Sci 2004;75(16):2015-2026.
  • .Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, et al. Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure. Hypertension 2002;40:797-803.
  • .Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, et al. Long-term vitamin C supplementation has no markedly favourable effect on serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese subjects. Br J Nutr 2004;91(1):81-90.
  • .Kinlay S, Behrendt D, Fang JC, et al. Long-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(4):629-634.
  • .Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, et al. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98(4):245-524.
  • .Kitiyakara C, Wilcox C. Antioxidants for hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:S31-S38.
  • .Kivirikko KI, Myllyla R. Post-translational processing of procollagens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;460:187-201.
  • .Klein GL, Florey JB, Goller VL, et al. Multiple vitamin deficiencies in association with chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Pediatrics 1977;60(5):767.
  • .Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1508-1520.
  • .Knowles J, Thurnham DI, Hill AVS, et al. Plasma ascorbate concentrations in human malaria. Proc Nutr Soc 1991;50:66A.
  • .Knodell RG, Tate MA, Akl BF, et al: Vitamin C prophylaxis for posttransfusion hepatitis: lack of effect in a controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:20-23.
  • .Kodama M, Kodama T, Murakami M, et al. Vitamin C infusion treatment enhances cortisol production of the adrenal via the pituitary ACTH route. In Vivo 1994;8(6):1079-1085.
  • .Kodama M, Kodama T, Murakami M, et al. Autoimmune disease and allergy are controlled by vitamin C treatment. In Vivo 1994;8(2):251-257.
  • .Kongerud J, Crissman K, Hatch G, et al. Ascorbic acid is decreased in induced sputum of mild asthmatics. Inhal Toxicol 2003;15(2):101-109.
  • .Korolkiewicz Z, Pocwiardowska-Ciara E. Effect of ascorbic acid in the presence of neomycin on isolated rat stomach strips. Acta Physiol Pol 1986;37(4-5):177-182.
  • .Koschinsky T. [Can ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid distort the results of blood sugar test strips?] Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003;128(21):1189. [German]
  • .Krasner N, Moore MR, Dow J, et al. Ascorbic acid and ethanol metabolism. Lancet 1974;21:693-695.
  • .Kratzing CC, Kelly JD, Oelrichs BA. Ascorbic acid changes in brain. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1984;54(4):349-353.
  • .Krebs HA, Vitamin C Subcommittee of the Accessory Food Factors Committee M.R.C. vitamin C requirement of human adults: Experimental Study of Vitamin C Deprivation in Man. Lancet 1948;254:853-858.
  • .Kromhout D. Essential micronutrients in relation to carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(5 Suppl):1361-1367.
  • .Kubler W, Gehler J. On the kinetics of the intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid: a contribution to the calculation of an absorption process that is not proportional to the dose. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1970;40:442-453.
  • .Kune GA, Bannerman S, Field B, et al. Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum beta-carotene, and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls. Nutr Cancer 1992;18:237-244.
  • .Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Laukkanen JA, et al. Plasma vitamin C modifies the association between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke 2002;33(6):1568-1573.
  • .Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, et al. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(5):1095-1100.
  • .Kushi L, Fee R, Sellers T, et al. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:165-174.
  • .Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996;334(18):1156-1162.
  • .Lagiou P, Samoli E, Lagiou A, et al. Flavonoids, vitamin C and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Causes Control 2004;15(1):67-72.
  • .Laight DW, Carrier MJ, Anggard EE. Antioxidants, diabetes and endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2000;47:457-464.
  • .Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, et al. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double blind clinical trial. J Urol 1994;151(1):21-26.
  • .Lamson DW, Brignall MS. Antioxidants and cancer therapy II: quick reference guide. Altern Med Rev 2000;5(2):152-163. (Review)
  • .Lamson DW, Brignall MS. Antioxidants in cancer therapy; their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. Altern Med Rev 1999;4(5):304-329. (Review)
  • .Langlois MR, Delanghe JR, De Buyzere ML, et al. Effect of haptoglobin on the metabolism of vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:606-610.
  • .Langlois M, Duprez D, Delanghe J, et al. Serum vitamin C concentration is low in peripheral arterial disease and is associated with inflammation and severity of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2001;103(14):1863-1868.
  • .Larsen HR. Parkinson’s disease: is victory in sight? Int J Altern Complement Med 1997;15(10):22-24. (Review)
  • .Larsson-Cohn U. Oral contraceptives and vitamins: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;121:84-90. (Review)
  • .Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Kundu D, et al. Vitamin C is not associated with coronary heart disease risk once life course socioeconomic position is taken into account: prospective findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Heart 2005;91(8):1086-1087.
  • .Lawton JM, Conway LT, Crosson JT, et al. Acute oxalate nephropathy after massive ascorbic acid administration. Arch Intern Med 1985;45:950-951.
  • .Lee DH, Folsom AR, Harnack L, et al. Does supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(5):1194-1200.
  • .Lee KW, Lee HJ, Kang KS, et al. Preventive effects of vitamin C on carcinogenesis. Lancet 2002;359(9301):172. (Letter)
  • .Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. Science 2001;292(5524):2083-2086.
  • .Lee W, Davis KA, Rettmer RL, et al. Ascorbic acid status: biochemical and clinical considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:286-290.
  • .Leggott PJ, Robertson PB, Rothman DL, et al. Response of lingual ascorbic acid test and salivary ascorbate levels to changes in ascorbic acid intake. J Dent Res 1986;65(2):131-134.
  • .Lehr HA, Frei B, Olofsson AM, et al. Protection from oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte adhesion to microvascular and macrovascular endothelium in vivo by vitamin C but not by vitamin E. Circulation 1995;91(5):1525-1532.
  • .Leske MC, Chylack LT, Wu S. The lens opacities case/control study: risk factors for cataract. Arch Opthalmol 1991;109:144-251.
  • .Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, et al. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996;93:1107-1113.
  • .Levine M. New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N Engl J Med 1986;314:892-902. (Review)
  • .Levine M. Vitamin C and optimal health. 60th Annual Biology Colloquium. Oregon State University; Corvallis, OR, Feb 25, 1999.
  • .Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93(8):3704-3709.
  • .Levine M, Dhariwal KR, Washko PW, et al. Ascorbic acid and in situ kinetics: a new approach to vitamin requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(6 Suppl):1157S-1162S.
  • .Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, et al. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;281:1415-1423.
  • .Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, et al. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:9842-9846.
  • .Levine MA, Pollard HB. Hydrocortisone inhibition of ascorbic acid transport by chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett 1983;158(1):L134-L138.
  • .Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, et al. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;281(15):1415-1423.
  • .Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, et al. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98(17):9842-9846.
  • .Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004;27(4):925-930.
  • .Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, et al. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. J Infect Dis 1996;173:1502-1505.
  • .Levy Y, Zaltzberg H, Ben-Amotz A, et al. Beta-carotene affects antioxidant status in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology 1999;6(3):157-161.
  • .Li CL, Werner P, Cohen G. Lipid peroxidation in brain: interactions of L-DOPA/dopamine with ascorbate and iron. Neurodegeneration 1995;4(2):147-153. Erratum in Neurodegeneration 1995;4(3):347.
  • .Liakakos D, Anoussakis C, Dalles K, et al. On the mode of action of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on collagen. Helv Paediatr Acta 1973;28(2):109-116.
  • .Life Sciences Research Office, Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1995.
  • .Lin JY, Selim MA, Shea CR, et al. UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(6):866-874.
  • .Linaker BD. Scurvy and vitamin C deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Postgrad Med J 1979;55:26-29.
  • .Lindblad B, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S. The mechanism of enzymic formation of homogentisate from p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate. J Am Chem Soc 1970;92:7446-7449.
  • .Lindheimer MD, Sibai BM. Antioxidant supplementation in pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2006;367(9517):1119-1120. (Editorial)
  • .Lingstrom P, Fure S, Dinitzen B, et al. The release of vitamin C from chewing gum and its effects on supragingival calculus formation. Eur J Oral Sci 2005;113(1):20-27.
  • .Lohmann W. Ascorbic acid and cataract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:307-311.
  • .Lokich J. Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cancer: case report and literature review. Am J Clin Oncol 1997;20:416-418.
  • .Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Stahl JP, et al. Evaluation of the biochemical effects of administration of intravenous nutrients using erythrocyte ATP/ADP ratios. Altern Med Rev 1999;4(1):37-44.
  • .Loria CM, Klag MJ, Caulfield LE, et al. Vitamin C status and mortality in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(1):139-145.
  • .Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64(2):190-196.
  • .Lovat LB, Lu Y, Palmer AJ, et al. Double-blind trial of vitamin C in elderly hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 1993;7:403-405.
  • .Lowik MR, Wedel M, Kistemaker C, et al. Assessment of the adequacy of vitamin C intake in the Netherlands. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10:544. (Abstract)
  • .Lupulesco A. Vitamin C inhibits DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in epithelial neoplastic cells. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1991;61:125-129.
  • .Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, et al. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(2):530-536.
  • .Lykkesfeldt J, Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, et al. Age-associated decline in ascorbic acid concentration, recycling, and biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes--reversal with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. FASEB J 1998;12(12):1183-1189.
  • .Lynch SR. Ascorbic acid and iron nutrition. N Y State J Med 1981;81:1132-1133.
  • .Mackerras D, Irwig L, Simpson JM, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of beta-carotene and vitamin C in women with minor cervical abnormalities. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1448-1453.
  • .Mak S, Egri Z, Tanna G, et al. Vitamin C prevents hyperoxia-mediated vasoconstriction and impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;282(6):H2414-H2421.
  • .Mangels AR, Block G, Frey CM, et al. The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. J Nutr 1993;123(6):1054-1061.
  • .Mares-Perlman, JA. Contribution of epidemiology to understanding relationships of diet to age-related cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:739-740.
  • .Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:991-997.
  • .Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Relationship between age-related maculopathy and intake of vitamin and mineral supplements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:1133. (Abstract)
  • .Marz R. Medical nutrition from Marz. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Omni Press; 1997. (Review)
  • .Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, et al. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 2000;54(2):1265-1272.
  • .Masek J, Hruba F. [Our experiences with metabolism of high doses of vitamin C.] Vnitr Lek 1974;20(7):670-676. [Czech]
  • .Maserejian NN, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, et al. Prospective study of vitamins C, E, and carotenoids and risk of oral premalignant lesions in men. Int J Cancer 2007;120(5):970-977.
  • .Maskos Z, Koppenol WH. Oxyradicals and multivitamin tablets. Free Radic Biol Med 1991;11:609-610.
  • .Matsuda T, Tanaka H, Shimazaki S, et al. High-dose vitamin C therapy for extensive deep dermal burns. Burns 1992;18(2):127-131.
  • .Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin Ther 1982;4(6):423-440. (Review)
  • .Matsuki Y, Akazawa M, Tsuchiya K, et al. [Effects of ascorbic acid on the free radical formations of isoniazid and its metabolites.] Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(10):600-605. [Japanese]
  • .Matsuki Y, Bandou R, Kiwada H, et al. Effects of ascorbic acid on iproniazid-induced hepatitis in phenobarbital-treated rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17(8):1078-1082.
  • .Mavrikakis ME, Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, et al. Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2003;73:3-7.
  • .Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27(3):517-527.
  • .McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, et al. Relation of dietary intake of serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:353-359.
  • .McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:648-656.
  • .McAllister CJ, Scowder EB, Dewberry FL, et al. Renal failure secondary to massive infusion of vitamin C. JAMA 1984;252:1684.
  • .McCloy R. Chronic pancreatitis at Manchester, UK: focus on antioxidant therapy. Digestion 1998;59(Suppl 4):36-48.
  • .McComsey G, Southwell H, Gripshover B, et al. Effect of antioxidants on glucose metabolism and plasma lipids in HIV-infected subjects with lipoatrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33(5):605-607.
  • .McCormick DB, Zhang Z. Cellular assimilation of water-soluble vitamins in the mammal: riboflavin, B6, biotin and C. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993;202:265-270.
  • .McKeever TM, Scrivener S, Broadfield E, et al. Prospective study of diet and decline in lung function in a general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165(9):1299-1303.
  • .McEligot AJ, Yang S, Meyskens FL Jr. Redox regulation by intrinsic species and extrinsic nutrients in normal and cancer cells. Annu Rev Nutr 2005;25:261-295.
  • .McLeod DC, Nahata MC. Inefficacy of ascorbic acid as a urinary acidifier. N Engl J Med 1977;296:1413.
  • .McVeigh GE, Hamilton P, Wilson M, et al. Platelet nitric oxide and superoxide release during the development of nitrate tolerance: effect of supplemental ascorbate. Circulation 2002;106:208-213.
  • .Mehta JB, Singhal SB, Mehta BC. Ascorbic acid induced haemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Lancet 1990;336:944.
  • .Melethil SL, Mason WE, Chiang C. Dose dependent absorption and excretion of vitamin C in humans. Int J Pharm 1986;31:83-89.
  • .Mena MA, Pardo B, Paino CL, et al. Levodopa toxicity in foetal rat midbrain neurones in culture: modulation by ascorbic acid. Neuroreport 1993;4(4):438-440.
  • .Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, et al. Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management. J Natl Med Assoc 2000;92:285-294.
  • .Meydani M. Antioxidants in the prevention of chronic diseases. Nutr Clin Care 2002;5(2):47-49.
  • .Meyer F, Galan P, Douville P, et al. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial. Int J Cancer 2005;116(2):182-186.
  • .Meyer NA, Muller MJ, Herndon DN. Nutrient support of the healing wound. N Horiz 1994;2(2):202-214.
  • .Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Int J Cancer 2001;91(4):563-567.
  • .Miller MJ. Injuries to athletes. Med Times 1960;88:313-316.
  • .Milne DB, Klevay LM, Hunt JR. Effects of ascorbic acid supplements and a diet marginal in copper on indices of copper nutriture in women. Nutr Res 1988;8:865-873.
  • .Milne JS, Lonergan ME, Williamson J, et al. Leucocyte ascorbic acid levels and vitamin C intake in older people. Br Med J 1971;4(784):383-386.
  • .Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, et al. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 2004;56(2):185-229. (Review)
  • .Mitch WE, Johnson MW, Kirshenbaum JM, et al. Effect of large oral doses of ascorbic acid on uric acid excretion by normal subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;29(3):318-321.
  • .Mitra A, Kulkarni AP, Ravikumar VC, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid esters on hepatic glutathione levels in mice treated with a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen. J Biochem Toxicol 1991;6(2):93-100.
  • .Moe OW. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. Lancet 2006;367(9507):333-344. (Review)
  • .Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, et al. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy: a randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med 1985;312(3):137-141.
  • .Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, et al. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy: a randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med 1985;312:137-141.
  • .Mohsenin V, Dubois AB, Douglas JS. Effect of ascorbic acid on response to methacholine challenge in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:143-147.
  • .Moller P, Loft S. Oxidative DNA damage in human white blood cells in dietary antioxidant intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:303-310.
  • .Molloy TP, Wilson CW. Protein-binding of ascorbic acid: 2: interaction with acetylsalicylic acid. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1980;50:387-392.
  • .Montenero AS. Drugs producing vitamin deficiencies. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1980;2(1-2):27-45.
  • .Morita K, Levine M, Pollard HB. Stimulatory effect of ascorbic acid on norepinephrine biosynthesis in digitonin-permeabilized adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 1986;46(3):939-945.
  • .Morris MC, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12:121-126.
  • .Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 2002;287(24):3230-3237.
  • .Mosca L, Rubenfire M, Mandel C, et al. Antioxidant nutrient supplementation reduces the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:392-399.
  • .Moser U, Weber F. Uptake of ascorbic acid by human granulocytes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1984;54:47-53.
  • .Moss RW. Questioning chemotherapy. Brooklyn, NY: Equinox Press, Inc; 1995. (Review)
  • .Mullan BA, Young IS, Fee H, et al. Ascorbic acid reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Hypertension 2002;40(6):804-809.
  • .Nahata MC, Shring L, Lampman T. Effect of ascorbic acid on urine pH in man. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977;34:1234-1237.
  • .Nahin RL. Use of the best case series to evaluate complementary and alternative therapies for cancer: a systematic review. Semin Oncol 2002;29:552-562.
  • .Nakamoto Y, Motohashi S, Kasahara H, et al. Irreversible tubulointerstitial nephropathy associated with prolonged, massive intake of vitamin C. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:754-756.
  • .Nam CM, Oh KW, Lee KH, et al. Vitamin C intake and risk of ischemic heart disease in a population with a high prevalence of smoking. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22(5):372-378.
  • .Nappi R. Demystifying ORAC (antioxidant) claims: the gold standard. Naturopathy Digest 2006;1(3).
  • .Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002;236(6):814-822.
  • .Nazrul Islam SK, Jahangir Hossain K, Ahsan M. Serum vitamin E, C and A status of the drug addicts undergoing detoxification: influence of drug habit, sexual practice and lifestyle factors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(11):1022-1027.
  • .Ness AR, Chee D, Elliot P. Vitamin C and blood pressure: an overview. J Hum Hypertens 1997;11:343-350. (Review)
  • .Ness AR, Powles JW, Khaw KT. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996;3:513-521.
  • .Newton HMV, Morgan DB, Schorah CJ, et al. Relation between intake and plasma concentration of vitamin C in elderly women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983;287(6403):1429.
  • .Nieman DC, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, et al. Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes after an ultramarathon. J Appl Physiol 2002;92(5):1970-1977.
  • .Nienhaus AW. Vitamin C and iron. N Engl J Med 1981;304:170-171. (Editorial)
  • .Nienhuis AW, Delea C, Aamodt R, et al. Evaluation of desferrioxamine and ascorbic acid for the treatment of chronic iron overload. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1976;12(8):177-185. (Review)
  • .Nienhuis AW, Griffith P, Strawczynski H, et al. Evaluation of cardiac function in patients with thalassemia major. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;344:384-396.
  • .Nightingale AK, Schmitt M, Frenneaux MP. Vitamin C in heart failure: hype or hope? Hypertension 2004;43(2):e5-e6.
  • .Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, et al. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man. J Biol Chem 1994;269:13685-13688.
  • .Nyyssonen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R, et al. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. BMJ 1997;314:634-638.
  • .Nyyssonen K, Poulsen HE, Hayn M, et al. Effect of supplementation of smoking men with plain or slow release ascorbic acid on lipoprotein oxidation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(3):154-163.
  • .O’Brien MM, Kiely M, Harrington KE, et al. The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: vitamin intakes in 18-64-year-old adults. Public Health Nutr 2001;4(5A):1069-1079.
  • .O’Brien RT. Ascorbic acid enhancement of desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion in thalassemia major. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974;232:221-225.
  • .O’Grady JG. Broadening the view of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2005;42(6):1252-1254.
  • .O’Malley PG. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and possibly coenzyme Q10 are ineffective for preventing or treating cardiovascular disease. ACP J Club 2004;140(3):73. (Review)
  • .Oldham KM, Bowen PE. Oxidative stress in critical care: is antioxidant supplementation beneficial? J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98(9):1001-1008. (Review)
  • .Olson JA, Hodges RE. Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin C in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45:693-703.
  • .Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42(2):246-252.
  • .Osilesi O, Trout DL, Ogunwole JO, et al. Blood pressure and plasma lipids during ascorbic acid supplementation in borderline hypertensive and normotensive adults. Nutr Res 1991;11:405-412.
  • .O’Toole P, Lombard M. Vitamin C and gastric cancer: supplements for some or fruit for all. Gut 1996;39:345-347.
  • .Packer L. Vitamin C and redox cycling antioxidants. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997:95-121.
  • .Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997. (Review)
  • .Padayatty SJ, Levine M. New insights into the physiology and pharmacology of vitamin C. CMAJ 2001;164:353-355.
  • .Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Reevaluation of ascorbate in cancer treatment: emerging evidence, open minds and serendipity. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19(4):423-425.
  • .Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Vitamin C and coronary microcirculation. Circulation 2001;103:E117.
  • .Padayatty SJ, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM, et al. Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases. CMAJ 2006;174(7):937-942. (Case report)
  • .Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(7):533-537.
  • .Paganelli GM, Biasco G, Brandi G, et al. Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:47-51.
  • .Paleologos M, Cumming RG, Lazarus R. Cohort study of vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148(1):45-50.
  • .Paolisso G, Balbi V, Volpe C, et al. Metabolic benefits deriving from chronic vitamin C supplementation in aged non-insulin dependent diabetics. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14(4):387-392.
  • .Pardo B, Mena MA, Fahn S, et al. Ascorbic acid protects against levodopa-induced neurotoxicity on a catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma cell line. Mov Disord 1993;8(3):278-284.
  • .Park CH. Vitamin C in leukemia and preleukemia cell growth. Prog Clin Biol Res 1988;259:321-330.
  • .Parker JD. Nitrate tolerance, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function: another worrisome chapter on the effects of organic nitrates. J Clin Invest 2004;113(3):352-354.
  • .Patak P, Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR. Vitamin C is an important cofactor for both adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Endocr Res 2004;30(4):871-875. (Review)
  • .Pathak AK, Singh N, Khanna N, et al. Potentiation of the effect of paclitaxel and carboplatin by antioxidant mixture on human lung cancer h520 cells. Am Coll Nutr 2002;21(5):416-421.
  • .Pathak S, et al. A preliminary clinical trial in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (carboplatin and Taxol together with high doses of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene vs. carboplatin and Taxol alone). [Unpublished data]
  • .Pauling L. The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971;68(11):2678-2681.
  • .Pauling L. Vitamin C and the common cold. San Francisco: WH Freeman; 1970.
  • .Peake JM. Vitamin C: effects of exercise and requirements with training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2003;13(2):125-151. (Review)
  • .Pelletier O, Keith MO. Bioavailability of synthetic and natural ascorbic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 1974;64:271-275.
  • .Peterkofsky B. Ascorbate requirement for hydroxylation and secretion of procollagen: relationship to inhibition of collagen synthesis in scurvy. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1135S-1140S.
  • .Peters EM, Anderson R, Nieman DC, et al. Vitamin C supplementation attenuates the increases in circulating cortisol, adrenaline and anti-inflammatory polypeptides following ultramarathon running. Int J Sports Med 2001;22(7):537-543.
  • .Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Grobbelaar B, et al. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:170-174.
  • .Petersen EE, Magnani P. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;117(1):70-75.
  • .Pettit SH, Irving MH. Does local intestinal ascorbate deficiency predispose to fistula formation in Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:552-557.
  • .Pettit SH, Shaffer JL, Johns W, et al. Ascorbic acid absorption in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34:559-566.
  • .Piccirillo G, Raffaele Q, Fimognari F, et al. Influence of L-arginine and vitamin C on the autonomic nervous system in chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2004;93(5):650-654.
  • .Piccirillo G, Nocco M, Moise A, et al. Response: vitamin C in heart failure: hope! Hypertension 2004. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000112028.46741.a9.
  • .Piccirillo G, Nocco M, Moise A, et al. Influence of vitamin C on baroreflex sensitivity in chronic heart failure. Hypertension 2003;41(6):1240-1245. Erratum in Hypertension 2003;42(2):e5.
  • .Pierce RC, Clemens AJ, Grabner CP, et al. Amphetamine promotes neostriatal ascorbate release via a nigro-thalamo-cortico-neostriatal loop. J Neurochem 1994;63(4):1499-1507.
  • .Pirbudak L, Balat O, Cekmen M, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid on surgical stress response in gynecologic surgery. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58(10):928-931.
  • .Pierson HF, Meadows GG. Sodium ascorbate enhancement of carbidopa-levodopa methyl ester antitumor activity against pigmented B-16 melanoma. Cancer Res 1983;43:2047-2051.
  • .Piesse JW. Nutritional factors in calcium containing kidney stones with particular emphasis on vitamin C. Int Clin Nutr Rev 1985;5:110-129. (Review)
  • .Pimentel L. Scurvy: historical review and current diagnostic approach. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21(4):328-332. (Review)
  • .Pitt B, Pollitt N. Ascorbic acid and chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1971;118(543):227-228.
  • .Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, et al. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Nature 1998;392(6676):559. (Letter)
  • .Poston L, Briley AL, Seed PT, et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367(9517):1145-1154.
  • .Pradeep JK, Kehinde EO, Daar AS. Symptomatic response to ascorbic acid. Br J Urol 1996;77:319-320.
  • .Prasad KN, Cole WC, Hovland P. Cancer prevention studies: past, present and future. Nutrition 1998;14:197-210.
  • .Prasad KN, Cole WC, Kumar B, et al. Scientific rationale for using high-dose multiple micronutrients as an adjunct to standard and experimental cancer therapies. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20(5 Suppl.):450S-463S, discussion 473S-475S.
  • .Prasad KN, Edwards-Prasad J. Effect of tocopherol (vitamin E) acid succinate on morphological alterations and growth inhibition in melanoma cells in culture. Cancer Res 1982;42:550-555.
  • .Prasad KN, Edwards-Prasad J. Expressions of some molecular cancer risk factors and their modification by vitamins. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9:28-34.
  • .Prasad KN, Hernandez C, Edwards-Prasad J, et al. Modification of the effect of tamoxifen, cis-platin, DTIC and interferon-a2b on human melanoma cells in culture by a mixture of vitamins. Nutr Cancer 1994;22:233-245.
  • .Prasad KN, Kumar R. Effect of individual antioxidant vitamins alone and in combination on growth and differentiation of human non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic parotid acinar cells in culture. Nutr Cancer 1996;26:11-19.
  • .Prasad KN, Sinha PK, Ramanujam M, et al. Sodium ascorbate potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of certain agents on neuroblastoma cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979;76:829-832.
  • .Pratt S. Dietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration. J Am Optom Assoc 1999;70:39-47.
  • .Prien EL, Gershoff SF. Magnesium oxide-pyridoxine therapy for recurrent calcium oxalate calculi. J Urol 1974;l12:509-512.
  • .Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI. Collagens: molecular biology, diseases, and potential for therapy. Annu Rev Biochem 1995;64:403-434.
  • .Pronsky Z. Powers and Moore’s food-medications interactions, 9th ed. Pottstown, PA: Food-Medication Interactions; 1991. (Review)
  • .Proteggente AR, Rehman A, Halliwell B, et al. Potential problems of ascorbate and iron supplementation: pro-oxidant effect in vivo? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;277(3):535-540.
  • .Pru C, Eaton J, Kjellstrand C. Vitamin C intoxication and hyperoxalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1985;39:112.
  • .Puskas F, Gergely P Jr, Banki K, et al. Stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione levels by dehydroascorbate, the oxidized form of vitamin C. FASEB J 2000;14(10):1352-1361.
  • .Quiles JL, Huertas JR, Battino M, et al. Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Toxicology 2002;180(1):79-95. (Review)
  • .Raghavan D. Chemotherapy and cystectomy for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Urol Oncol 2003;21:468-474.
  • .Raitakari OT, Adams MR, McCredie RJ, et al. Oral vitamin C and endothelial function in smokers: short-term improvement, but no sustained beneficial effect. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1616-1621.
  • .Ram FS, Rowe BH, Kaur B. Vitamin C supplementation for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD000993. (Review)
  • .Ramenghi U, Saracco P, Timeus F, et al. Use of ascorbate for the treatment of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1991;13:486-489.
  • .Ramirez J, Flowers NC. Leucocyte ascorbic acid and its relationship to coronary artery disease in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:2079-2087.
  • .Raoul Y. [Recommended vitamin intake.] Ann Nutr Aliment 1976;30(4):509-536. [French]
  • .Rattan V, Sidhu H, Vaidyanathan S, et al. Effect of combined supplementation of magnesium oxide and pyridoxine in calcium-oxalate stone formers. Urol Res 1994;22:161-165.
  • .Rebec GV, Pierce RC. A vitamin as neuromodulator: ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. Prog Neurobiol 1994;43(6):537-565.
  • .Rebouche CJ. Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1147S-1152S.
  • .Rees DC, Kelsey H, Richards JDM. Acute haemolysis induced by high dose ascorbic acid in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Br Med J 1993;306:841-842.
  • .Reinhold U, Seiter S, Ugurel S, et al. Treatment of progressive pigmented purpura with oral bioflavonoids and ascorbic acid: an open pilot study in three patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41(2 Pt 1):207-208.
  • .Richards E. The politics of therapeutic evaluation: the vitamin C and cancer controversy. Soc Stud Sci 1988;18:653-701.
  • .Richter S. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study: part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J Am Optom Assoc 1996;67:30-49.
  • .Ridge BD, Fairhurst E, Chadwick D, et al. Ascorbic acid concentrations in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Proc Nutr Soc 1976;35(2):57A-58A. (Proceedings)
  • .Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CC, et al. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene. Lancet 1991;337:1-5.
  • .Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1450-1456.
  • .Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998;279:359-364.
  • .Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E. The lingual ascorbic acid test. Quintessence Int 1978;9(12):81-85.
  • .Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E. Vitamin C and human wound healing. Oral Surg 1982;53:231-236.
  • .Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E. Vitamin C and the metabolism of analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drugs: a review. Ala J Med Sci 1979;16(3):217-220. (Review)
  • .Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E, Medford FH. Vitamin C and antibiotics. J Oral Med 1980;35(1):14-17.
  • .Ringsdorf WM, Cheraskin WM. Medical complications from ascorbic acid: a review and interpretation (part one). J Holistic Med 1984;6(1):49-63.
  • .Riordan HD, Jackson JA, Riordan NH, et al. High-dose intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of a patient with renal cell carcinoma of the kidney. J Orthomol Med 1998;13:72-73.
  • .Riordan HD, Jackson JA, Schultz M. Case study: high-dose intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of a patient with adenocarcinoma of the kidney. J Orthomol Med 1990;5:5-7.
  • .Riordan HD, Riordan NH, Jackson JA, et al. Intravenous vitamin C as a chemotherapy agent: a report on clinical cases. P R Health Sci J 2004;23(2):115-118.
  • .Riordan NH, Jackson JA, Riordan HD. Intravenous vitamin C in a terminal cancer patient. J Orthomol Med 1996;11:80-82.
  • .Riordan HD, Riordan NH, Meng X, et al. Improved microplate fluorometer counting of viable tumor and normal cells. Anticancer Res 1994:927-932.
  • .Riordan NH, Riordan HD, Casciari JJ. Clinical and experimental experiences with intravenous vitamin C. J Orthomol Med 2000;15:201-203.
  • .Riordan NH, Riordan HD, Meng X, et al. Intravenous ascorbate as a tumor cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. Med Hypotheses 1995;44(3):207-213.
  • .Risch HA, Jain M, Choi NW, et al. Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:947-949.
  • .Ritzel G. [Critical analysis of the role of vitamin C in the treatment of the common cold.] Helv Med Acta 1961;28:63-68. [German]
  • .Rivers JM. Oral contraceptives and ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28(5):550-554.
  • .Rivers JM. Safety of high-level vitamin C ingestion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:445-454.
  • .Rivers JM. Safety of high-level vitamin C ingestion. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989:30:95-102.
  • .Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR. Vitamin E intake and risk of cataracts in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989;570:372-382.
  • .Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR. A possible role for vitamins C and E in cataract prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:346S-351S.
  • .Rock CL, Michael CW, Reynolds RK, et al. Prevention of cervix cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000;33(3):169-185.
  • .Roe DA. Diet and drug interactions. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1989. (Review)
  • .Roe DA. Drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Avi Publishing; 1985. (Review)
  • .Roe DA. Risk factors in drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. In: Roe DA, Campbell T, eds. Drugs and nutrients: the interactive effects. New York: Marcel Decker; 1984:505-523.
  • .Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, et al. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:29-37.
  • .Rolf C, Cooper TG, Yeung CH, et al. Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1028-1033.
  • .Romney SL, Duttagupta C, Basu J, et al. Plasma vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:976-980.
  • .Ross D, Mendiratta S, Qu ZC, et al. Ascorbate 6-palmitate protects human erythrocytes from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26(1-2):81-89.
  • .Rossig L, Hoffmann J, Hugel B, et al. Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2182-2187.
  • .Rougier A, Humbert P, Zahouani H, et al. Clinical and biological effects of topical vitamin C in the treatment of skin aging. 2nd World Congress of the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Nov 9-11, 2000.
  • .Rotblatt MD, Koda-Kimble MA. Review of drug interference with urine glucose tests. Diabetes Care 1987;10:103-110. (Review)
  • .Rowbotham B, Roeser HP. Iron overload associated with congenital pyruvate kinase deficiency and high dose ascorbic acid ingestion. Aust N Z J Med 1984;14:687-669.
  • .Rubin RN, Navon L, Cassano PA. Relationship of serum antioxidants to asthma prevalence in youth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169(3):393-398.
  • .Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, et al. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1796-1806.
  • .Sabiston BH, Radomski MW. Health problems and vitamin C in Canadian northern military operations: DCIEM Report no. 74-R-1012. Downsview, Ontario, Canada: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine; 1974.
  • .Sahl WJ, Glore S, Garrison P, et al. Basal cell carcinoma and lifestyle characteristics. Int J Dermatol 1995;34(6):398-402.
  • .Sahyoun NR, Jacques PF, Russell RM. Carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and mortality in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 1994;144:501-511.
  • .Saitoh H, Komiyama A, Norose N, et al. Development of the accelerated phase during ascorbic acid therapy in Chediak-Higashi: syndrome and efficacy of colchicine on its management. Br J Hematol 1981;48:79-84.
  • .Salganik RI. The benefits and hazard of antioxidants: controlling apoptosis and other protective mechanisms in cancer patients and the human population. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20(5 Suppl):464S-475S.
  • .Salganik RI, et al. Dietary antioxidant depletion: enhancement of tumor apoptosis and inhibition of brain tumor growth in transgenic mice. Carcinogenesis 2000;21(5):909-914.
  • .Salganik RI, Albright C, Rodgers J, et al. Enhancement of apoptosis and inhibition of brain tumor growth in transgenic mice by depletion of antioxidants: American Society for Cell Biology Annual Meeting, 1999, Washington, D.C. Am Soc Cell Biol 1999;444a.
  • .Salonen RM, Nyyssonen K, Kaikkonen J, et al. Six-year effect of combined vitamin C and E supplementation on atherosclerotic progression: the Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) Study. Circulation 2003;107(7):947-953.
  • .Sandstead HH. Copper bioavailability and requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:809-814. (Review)
  • .Sardi B. High-dose vitamin C and iron overload. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(10):846-847.
  • .Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, et al. Effect of vitamin C on common cold: randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60:9-17.
  • .Sauerberlich HE. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L. Fuchs J, eds. Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: Marcel Decker; 1997:1-24. (Review)
  • .Sauberlich HE, Tamura T, Craig CB, et al. Effects of erythorbic acid on vitamin C metabolism in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64(3):336-346.
  • .Schectman G. Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;686:335-346.
  • .Schmidt K-H, Hagmaier V, Hornig DH, et al. Urinary oxalate excretion after large intakes of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:305-311.
  • .Schnitzler CM, Schnaid E, MacPhail AP, et al. Ascorbic acid deficiency, iron overload and alcohol abuse underlie the severe osteoporosis in black African patients with hip fractures: a bone histomorphometric study. Calcif Tissue Int 2005;76(2):79-89.
  • .Schorah CJ. Vitamin C and gastric cancer prevention. In: Paoletti R, Sies H, Bug J, et al, eds. Vitamin C: the state of the art in disease prevention sixty years after the Nobel Prize. Milan: Springer, 1998:41-49.
  • .Schorah CJ, Sobala GM, Sanderson M, et al. Gastric juice ascorbic acid: effects of disease and implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:287S-293S.
  • .Schorah CJ, Tormey WP, Brooks GH, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplements on body weight, serum proteins, and general health of an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:871-876.
  • .Schroder H, Grosser N. [Acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin C.] Med Monatsschr Pharm 2005;28(7):239-242. (Review) [German]
  • .Schroder H, Navarro E, Mora J, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid on oxidative, hormonal and enzymatic exercise stress markers in habitual training activity of professional basketball players. Eur J Nutr 2001;40(4):178-184.
  • .Schulz HU, Schurer M, Krupp S, et al. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on ascorbic acid concentrations in plasma, gastric mucosa, gastric juice and urine: a double-blind study in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42(9):481-487.
  • .Schumann K. Interactions between drugs and vitamins at advanced age. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1999;69(3):173-178. (Review)
  • .Schwartz ER. The modulation of osteoarthritic development by vitamins C and E. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1984;26:141-146.
  • .Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Troost R, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antioxidants and their impact on systemic oxidative stress. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(5):437-459.
  • .Sciamanna MA, Lee CP. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury of forebrain mitochondria and protection by ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993;305(2):215-224.
  • .Seaton A, Devereux G. Diet, infection and wheezy illness: lessons from adults. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2000;11(Suppl 13):37-40.
  • .Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 1994;272:1413-1420.
  • .Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, et al. The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians. Am J Public Health 1994;84(5):788-792.
  • .Segasothy M, Phillips PA. Vegetarian diet: panacea for modern lifestyle diseases? QJM 1999;92(9):531-544.
  • .Segerstråle U. Vitamin C and cancer: medicine or politics. Science 1992;255:613-615. (Book review)
  • .Seidner DL, Lashner BA, Brzezinski A, et al. An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber, and antioxidants for corticosteroid sparing in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3(4):358-369.
  • .Serrill S, Jefferson D, Quick J, et al. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid and ascorbic acid on oxygen toxicity. Aerospace Med 1971;42(4):436-438.
  • .Sestili MA. Possible adverse health effects of vitamin C and ascorbic acid. Semin Oncol 1983;10:299-304.
  • .Shah KV, Barbhaiya HC, Srinivasan V. Ascorbic acid levels in blood during tetracycline administration. J Indian Med Assoc 1968;51(3):127-129.
  • .Shibata A, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, et al. Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 1992;66:673-679.
  • .Shimpo K, Nagatsu T, Yamada K, et al. Ascorbic acid and adriamycin toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(6 Suppl):1298S-1301S.
  • .Shine B, Farwell JA. Stability and compatibility in parenteral nutrition solutions. Br J Parenter Ther 1984:5(4:44-46, 50.
  • .Shukla SP. Plasma and urinary ascorbic acid levels in the post-operative period. Experientia 1969;25:704.
  • .Siegel BV. Vitamin C and the immune response in health and disease. In: Human nutrition: a comprehensive treatise: volume 8: nutrition and immunology. New York: Plenum Press; 1993.
  • .Siegel BV, Morton JI. Vitamin C and the immune response. Experimentia 1977;33:393-395.
  • .Siegel BV, Leibovitz B. The multifactorial role of vitamin C in health and disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1982;23:9-22.
  • .Silaste M-L, Rantala M, Alfthan G, et al. Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:498-503.
  • .Simon JA. Ascorbic acid and cholesterol gallstones. Med Hypotheses 1993;40:81-84.
  • .Simon JA. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:107-125. (Review)
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. JAMA 1999;281(24):2289-2293.
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relation of ascorbic acid to bone mineral density and self-reported fractures among US adults. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154(5):427-433.
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES, Browner WS. Serum ascorbic acid and cardiovascular disease prevalence in US adults. Epidemiology 1998;9:316-321.
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Arch Intern Med 2000;160(7):931-936.
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and other correlates of gallbladder disease among US adults. Am J Public Health 1998;88(8):1208-1212.
  • .Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and other correlates of self-reported cataract among older Americans. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52(12):1207-1211.
  • .Simone C. Antioxidants with radiation and chemotherapy? Comprehensive Cancer Care 2001. Arlington, VA, Oct 19-21, 2001.
  • .Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, et al. Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95(7):775-780.
  • .Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, et al. Dietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999;106(4):761-767.
  • .Smythies JR. The role of ascorbate in brain: therapeutic implications. J R Soc Med 1996;89(5):241. (Letter)
  • .Sneed SM, Zane C, Thomas R. The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1338-1346.
  • .Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, et al. Feasibility of transurethral resection for muscle-infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: prospective study. J Urol 1992;147:1513-1515.
  • .Solzbach U, Hornig B, Jeserich M, et al. Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in hypertensive patients. Circulation 1997;96:1513-1519.
  • .Souney PF, Steele L, Polk F. Effect of vitamin B complex and ascorbic acid on the antimicrobial activity of cefazolin sodium. Am J Hosp Pharm 1982;39:840-841.
  • .Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K. Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax 1997; 52:166-170.
  • .Sowell J, Frei B, Stevens JF. Vitamin C conjugates of genotoxic lipid peroxidation products: structural characterization and detection in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101(52):17964-17969.
  • .Sowers MF, Lachance L. Vitamins and arthritis: the roles of vitamins A, C, D, and E. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1999;25(2):315-331.
  • .Spector R. Vitamin homeostasis in the central nervous system. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(24):1393-1398. (Review)
  • .Spector SL. Use of provocation techniques for the evaluation of drug efficacy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979;64:677-684.
  • .Speyer JL, Green MD, Kramer E, et al. Protective effect of the bispiperazinedione ICRF-187 against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in women with advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;319:745-752.
  • .Spittle CR. Atherosclerosis and vitamin C. Lancet 1972;1:798.
  • .Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1444-1449.
  • .Stankova L, Rigas DA, Keown P, et al. Leukocyte ascorbate and glutathione: potential capacity for inactivating oxidants and free radicals. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1977;21(2):97-102.
  • .Stantic-Pavlinic M, Banic S, Marin J, et al. Vitamin C: a challenge in management of rabies. Swiss Med Weekly 2004;134(21-22):326-327.
  • .Steffen LM. Eat your fruit and vegetables. Lancet 2006;367:278-279. (Editorial)
  • .Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96(10):1027-1039. (Review)
  • .Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. J Emerg Med 2001;21(3):235-237. (Case report)
  • .Stewart CP, Guthrie D, eds. Lind’s treatise on scurvy. Edinburgh: University Press; 1953.
  • .Steyn PS, Odendaal HJ, Schoeman J, et al. A randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ascorbic acid supplementation for the prevention of preterm labour. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;23(2):150-155.
  • .Stockley IH. Drug interactions. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1999; 432. (Review)
  • .Stokes PL, Melikian V, Leeming RL, et al. Folate metabolism in scurvy. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:126-129.
  • .Stone I. Hypoascorbemia, the genetic disease causing the human requirement for exogenous ascorbic acid. Perspect Biol Med 1966;10:133-134.
  • .Stone I. On the genetic etiology of scurvy. Acta Genet Med et Gemel 1966;15:345-350.
  • .Stone I. Studies of a mammalian enzyme system for producing evolutionary evidence on Man. J Phys Anthropol 1965;3:83-85.
  • .Stone I. The genetic disease hypoascorbemia: a fresh approach to an ancient disease and some of its medical implications. Acta Genet Med et Gemel 1967;16:52-62.
  • .Stone I. The natural history of ascorbic acid in the evolution of the mammals and primates and its significance for present day man. J Orthomol Psych 1972;1:82-89.
  • .Strauss IM, Scheer P. Effect of nicotine on vitamin C metabolism. Int Z Vitaminforsch 1939;9:39-49.
  • .Stubbe JA. Identification of two alpha keto glutarate dependent dioxygenases in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis catalysing deoxyuridine hydroxylation. J Biol Chem 1985;260:9972-9975.
  • .Subramanian N, Nandi BK, Majumder AK, et al. Role of L-ascorbic acid on detoxification of histamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1973;22(13):1671-1673.
  • .Sullivan JF, Eissenstein AB. Ascorbic acid depletion during hemodialysis. JAMA 1972;220:1697.
  • .Sumbaev VV, Iasinskaia IM. [Effect of ascorbic acid on uric acid formation in men and animals.] Ukr Biokhim Zh 1997;69(2):116-120. [Russian]
  • .Susick RL Jr, Zannoni VG. Effect of ascorbic acid on the consequences of acute alcohol consumption in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;41:502-509.
  • .Svensson L, Wu C, Hulthe P, et al. Effect of ageing on extracellular ascorbate concentration in rat brain. Brain Res 1993;609(1-2):36-40.
  • .Svensson L, Wu C, Johannessen K, Engel JA. Effect of ethanol on ascorbate release in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of freely moving rats. Alcohol 1992;9(6):535-540.
  • .Swartz RD, Wesley JR, Somermeyer MG, et al. Hyperoxaluria and renal insufficiency due to ascorbic acid administration during total parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:530.
  • .Switzer BR, Summer GK. Collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts: effects of ascorbate, -ketoglutarate and ferrous ion on proline hydroxylation. J Nutr 1972;102(6):721-728.
  • .Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, et al. Vitamin C improves endotheoium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998;97(22):2222-2229.
  • .Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, et al. Intake of vitamin C and zinc and risk of common cold: a cohort study. Epidemiology 2002;13(1):38-44.
  • .Takumida M, Anniko M, Ohtani M. Radical scavengers for Meniere’s disease after failure of conventional therapy: a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol 2003;123(6):697-703.
  • .Tanaka H, Matsuda T, Miyagantani Y, et al. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized prospective study. Arch Surg 2000;135:326-331.
  • .Tang AM, Graham NHM, Kirby AJ, et al. Dietary micronutrient intake and risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:937-951.
  • .Tangney CC, Hankins JS, Murtaugh MA, et al. Plasma vitamins E and C concentrations of adult patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17(2):162-170.
  • .Taper HS, de Gerlache J, Lans M, et al. Non-toxic potentiation of cancer chemotherapy by combined C and K3 vitamin pre-treatment. Int J Cancer 1987;40(4):575-579.
  • .Taper HS, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, et al. Inhibition of the development of metastases by dietary vitamin C:K3 combination. Life Sci 2004;75(8):955-967.
  • .Tauler P, Aguilo A, Fuentespina E, et al. Diet supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene cocktail enhances basal neutrophil antioxidant enzymes in athletes. Pflugers Arch 2002;443(5-6):791-797.
  • .Taylor A. Cataract: relationship between nutrition and oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:138-146. (Review)
  • .Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, et al. Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(3):540-549.
  • .Taylor A, Jacques PF, Nadler D, et al. Relationship in humans between ascorbic acid consumption and levels of total and reduced ascorbic acid in lens, aqueous humor, and plasma. Curr Eye Res 1991;10:751-759.
  • .Taylor CA, Hampl JS, Johnston CS. Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:573-578.
  • .Taylor TV, Rimmer S, Day B, et al. Ascorbic acid supplementation in the treatment of pressure-sores. Lancet 1974;2:544-546.
  • .Temple RJ. Vitamin C hypertension. Am J Ther 2003;10(3):234-235.
  • .Tessier F, Moreaux V, Birlouez-Aragon I, et al. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998;68(5):309-315.
  • .Tessier F, Birlouez-Aragon I, Tjani C, et al. Validation of a micromethod for determining oxidized and reduced vitamin C in plasma by HPLC-fluorescence. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66(2):166-170.
  • .ter Riet G, Kessels AG, Knipschild PG. Randomized clinical trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of pressure ulcers. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48(12):1453-1460.
  • .Teramoto K, Daimon M, Hasegawa R, et al. Acute effect of oral vitamin C on coronary circulation in young healthy smokers. Am Heart J 2004;148(2):300-305.
  • .Thompson D, Williams C, McGregor SJ, et al. Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11(4):466-481.
  • .Ting S, Mansfield LE, Yarbrough J. Effects of ascorbic acid on pulmonary functions in mild asthma. J Asthma 1983;20:39-42.
  • .Tofler GH, Stec JJ, Stubbe I, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on coagulability and lipid levels in healthy male subjects. Thromb Res 2000;100(1):35-41.
  • .Tomoda H, Yoshitake M, Morimoto K, et al. Possible prevention of postangioplasty restenosis by ascorbic acid. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1284-1286.
  • .Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Tountas C, et al. Vitamin C affects thrombosis/ fibrinolysis system and reactive hyperemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2003;26(10):2749-2753.
  • .Traikovich SS. Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:1091-1098.
  • .Trevithick JR, Shum DT, Redae S, et al. Reduction of sunburn damage to skin by topical application of vitamin E acetate following exposure to ultraviolet B radiation: effect of delaying application or of reducing concentration of vitamin E acetate applied. Scan Microsc 1993;7:1269-1281.
  • .Trevithick JR, Xiong H, Lee S, et al. Topical tocopherol acetate reduces post-UVB, sunburn-associated erythema, edema, and skin sensitivity in hairless mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992;296:575-582.
  • .Trout DL. Vitamin C and cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(Suppl 1):322S-325S.
  • .Trovato A, Nuhlicek DN, Midtling JE. Drug-nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1991;44(5):1651-1658. (Review)
  • .Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1974:1(7866):1067-1070.
  • .Truswell AS. Ascorbic acid. N Engl J Med 1986;315:709. (Letter)
  • .Tsao CS, Dunham WB, Ping, YL. In vivo antineoplastic activity of ascorbic acid for human mammary tumor. In Vivo 1988;2:147-150.
  • .Tsujikawa T, Kanauchi O, Andoh A, et al. Supplement of a chitosan and ascorbic acid mixture for Crohn’s disease: a pilot study. Nutrition 2003;19(2):137-139.
  • .Ulchaker JC, Klein EA. Biology of metastasis and its clinical implications: renal-cell cancer. World J Urol 1996;14:175-181.
  • .Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication  (part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;20(1):66-80. (Review)
  • .US Department of Agriculture. Composition of foods. USDA handbook #8. Washington, DC: ARS, USDA; 1976-1986.
  • .US Department of Agriculture. National food consumption survey. Washington, DC: USDA; 1985.
  • .Ural AU. Anemia related to ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Hematol 1997;56:69.
  • .Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD. Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1992;147:1215-1218.
  • .Valero MP, Fletcher AE, De Stavola BL, et al. Vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of cataract in a Mediterranean population. J Nutr 2002;132(6):1299-1306.
  • .Valkonen MM, Kuusi T. Vitamin C prevents the acute atherogenic effects of passive smoking. Free Radic Biol Med 2000 1;28:428-436.
  • .van Rooij J, Schwartzenberg SG, Mulder PG, et al. Oral vitamins C and E as additional treatment in patients with acute anterior uveitis: a randomised double masked study in 145 patients. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83(11):1277-1282.
  • .Van Steirteghem AC, Robertson EA, Young DS. Influence of large doses of ascorbic acid on laboratory test results. Clin Chem 1978; 24:54-57.
  • .VandenLangenberg GM, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, et al. Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148(2):204-214.
  • .VanderKamp H. A biochemical abnormality in schizophrenia involving ascorbic acid. Int J Neuropsychiatry 1966;2(3):204-206.
  • .VanEenwyk J, Davis FG, Colman N. Folate, vitamin C, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992;1(2):119-124.
  • .Varga JM, Airoldi L. Inhibition of transplantable melanoma tumor development in mice by prophylactic administration of Ca-ascorbate. Life Sci 1983;32:1559-1564.
  • .Vincent TE, Mendiratta S, May JM. Inhibition of aldose reductase in human erythrocytes by vitamin C. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999;43:1-8.
  • .Vinson JA, Bose P. Comparative bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid alone or in a citrus extract. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(3):601-604.
  • .Vinson JA, Bose P. Comparative bioavailability of synthetic and natural vitamin C in Guinea pigs. Nutr Rep Int 1983;27 (4):875.
  • .Vrca VB, Skreb F, Cepelak I, et al. Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves’ disease; the effect on glutathione peroxidase activity and concentration of selenium. Clin Chim Acta 2004;341(1-2):55-63.
  • .Wandzilak TR, D’Andre SD, Davis PA, et al. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. J Urol 1994;151:834-837.
  • .Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Rumley A, et al. Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):567-574.
  • .Waring AJ, Drake IM, Schorah CJ, et al. Ascorbic acid and total vitamin C concentrations in plasma, gastric juice and gastrointestinal mucosa: effects of gastritis and oral supplementation. Gut 1996;38:171-176.
  • .Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(19):2432-2440.
  • .Weijl NI, Hopman GD, Wipkink-Bakker A, et al. Cisplatin combination chemotherapy induces a fall in plasma antioxidants of cancer patients. Ann Oncol 1998;9(12):1331-1337.
  • .Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Pediatrics 2001;108(3):E55.
  • .Weintraub M, Griner PF. Warfarin and ascorbic acid: lack of evidence for a drug interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974;28(1):53-56.
  • .Werbach MR. Foundations of nutritional medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press; 1997. (Review).
  • .Werbach MR. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. Altern Med Rev 2000;5(2):93-108. (Review)
  • .Werninghaus K, Meydani M, Bhawan J, et al. Evaluation of the photoprotective effect of oral vitamin E supplementation. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1257-1261.
  • .White JD. Complementary and alternative medicine research: a National Cancer Institute perspective. Semin Oncol 2002;29:546-551.
  • .Whitworth A. Micronutrients: to supplement, or not to supplement? J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98(4):230-232.
  • .Wilkes JM, Clark LE, Herrera JL. Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy. South Med J 2005;98(11):1118-1122.
  • .Wilkinson IB, Megson IL, MacCallum H, et al. Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:690-693.
  • .Will JC, Byers T. Does diabetes mellitus increase the requirement for vitamin C? Nutr Rev 1996;54:193-202.
  • .Williams C. Healthy eating: clarifying advice about fruit and vegetables. BMJ 1995;310(6992):1453-1455. (Review) Erratum in BMJ 1995;310(6995):1665.
  • .Willis GC, Light AW, Gow WS. Serial arteriography in atherosclerosis. Can Med Assoc J 1954;71(6):562-568.
  • .Wilson CW, Greene M. The relationship of aspirin to ascorbic acid metabolism during the common cold. J Clin Pharmacol 1978;18(1):21-28.
  • .Wilson JD. Vitamin deficiency and excess. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998:487.
  • .Wilson TS, Datta SB, Murrell JS, et al. Relation of vitamin C levels to mortality in a geriatric hospital: a study of the effect of vitamin C administration. Age Ageing 1973;2(3):163-171.
  • .Winklhofer-Roob BM, Ellemunter H, Fruhwirth M, et al. Plasma vitamin C concentrations in patients with cystic fibrosis: evidence of associations with lung inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1858-1866.
  • .Winquist E, Kirchner TS, Segal R, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol 2004;171:561-569.
  • .Wittes RE. Vitamin C and cancer. N Engl J Med 1985;312:178-179.
  • .Wolf KK, Wood SG, Hunt JA, et al F. Role of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2005;33(12):1827-1836.
  • .Wolf RL, Cauley JA, Pettinger M, et al. Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:581-588.
  • .Wong K, Thomson C, Bailey RR, et al. Acute oxalate nephropathy after a massive intravenous dose of vitamin C. Aust N Z J Med 1994;24(4):410-411. (Letter)
  • .Woollard KJ, Loryman CJ, Meredith E, et al. Effects of oral vitamin C on monocyte: endothelial cell adhesion in healthy subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;294(5):1161-1168.
  • .Worthington BS. Nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and oral contraception. Nurs Clin North Am 1979;14(2):269-283.
  • .Wu X, Itoh N, Taniguchi T, et al. Zinc-induced sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 expression: potent roles in osteoblast differentiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003;420(1):114-120.
  • .Yao J, Kathpalia P, Bushinsky DA, et al. Hyperresponsiveness of vitamin D receptor gene expression to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a new characteristic of genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. J Clin Invest 1998;101(10):2223-2232.
  • .Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, et al. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community: the Shibata study. Stroke 2000;31(10):2287-2294.
  • .Yong L, Brown CC, Schatzkin A, et al. Intake of vitamins E, C, and A and risk of lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:231-243.
  • .Yoshikawa Y, Suzuki M, Chen N, et al. Ascorbic acid induces a marked conformational change in long duplex DNA. Eur J Biochem 2003;270(14):3101-3106.
  • .You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, et al. Diet and high risk of stomach cancer in Shandong, China. Cancer Res 1988;48:3518-3523.
  • .Yung S, Mayersohn M, Robinson JB. Ascorbic acid absorption in humans: a comparison among several dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 1982;71(3):282-285.
  • .Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, et al. Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements. Arch Neurol 2004;61:82-88.
  • .Zannoni VG, Sato PH. The effect of certain vitamin deficiencies on hepatic drug metabolism. Fed Proc 1976;35(13):2464-2469.
  • .Zhang C, Williams MA, Frederick IO, et al. Vitamin C and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. J Reprod Med 2004;49:4:257-266.
  • .Zhang C, Williams MA, King IB, et al. Vitamin C and the risk of preeclampsia: results from dietary questionnaire and plasma assay. Epidemiology 2002;13(4):409-416.
  • .Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91(6):547-556.
  • .Zhang ZW, Farthing MJG. The roles of vitamin C in Helicobacter pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis. Chin J Dig Dis 2005;6(2):53-58.
  • .Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW, et al. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:2025-2028.