Chemistry and Forms

• Riboflavin names:   7,8-dimethyl-10-(11-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine, 7,8-dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)isoalloxazine, and 7,8-dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine.

• Formula:   C17H20N4O6.

• Molecular weight:   376.4 daltons.

Riboflavin is stable to heat, oxidation, and acid; it is destroyed by alkali and light, especially fluorescent light. Riboflavin is partially soluble in water.

Riboflavin is a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family. The originally termed “yellow enzyme,” which became known as “flavin mononucleotide” or “riboflavin phosphate,” was initially synthesized in 1935. The name “riboflavine” was initially chosen because it contained the pentose side chain ribitol, and flavius is Latin for “yellow,” in recognition of the deep color of the crystals formed from the pure vitamin and the deep-yellow color it imparts to urine. The final “e” was later dropped on learning that it really was not an amine. In 1952 the Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature formally adopted the name riboflavin . At this time, riboflavin is the Approved Name for use on pharmaceutical labels in Britain.

Physiology and Function

Riboflavin plays a critical role as a component of several key metabolic substances involved in oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and certain amino acids; reactions with several intermediaries of the Krebs cycle; activation of pyridoxine phosphate (B6) to form pyridoxal phosphate, its biologically active form; conversion of folate to its coenzymes; conversion of tryptophan to niacin; and support of antioxidant activity through flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and reduced glutathione. Riboflavin exerts minimal direct or intrinsic metabolic activity, and only a small portion of the total flavin pool in the human body remains as riboflavin, primarily stored in the liver. Most is converted into coenzyme derivatives flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and its product, the more predominant FAD, before these flavins form complexes with numerous flavoprotein dehydrogenases and oxidases. Notably, flavokinase, the enzyme required for the production of FAD and FMN, is regulated by thyroxin so that thyroid hormones increase the synthesis of flavin cofactors.

As flavocoenzymes, FMN and FAD participate in oxidation-reduction reactions in metabolic pathways and in energy production through the respiratory chain. The isoalloxazine ring system of riboflavin serves as the functional moiety in both FAD and FMN by acting as a two-electron acceptor in enzymatic biochemical reductions. This property enables FMN and FAD to act as cofactors for flavoproteins, the enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of organic substrates and in intermediary metabolism. FAD and FMN serve as intermediate hydrogen carriers in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, accepting hydrogen ions and transferring electrons to the cytochrome system as part of the metabolism of carbohydrates to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Riboflavin aids in beta oxidation in lipid metabolism and is involved, as a coenzyme component of the dehydrogenases, in the first step in glucose metabolism.

Xanthine oxidase, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)–cytochrome c reductase, andD- andL-amino acid oxidase are among the key riboflavin-dependent flavoenzymes. Succinic dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and other flavoenzymes have FAD covalently bound to them. As a component of these flavin coenzymes, riboflavin serves as a cofactor in numerous respiratory enzymes, including glutaryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, erythrocyte glutathione reductase, sarcosine dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, electron-transferring flavoprotein, and ETF dehydrogenase. Flavocoenzymes are also involved in the biosynthesis of niacin-containing coenzymes from tryptophan (via FAD-dependent kynurenine hydroxylase), the FMN-dependent conversion of the 5′-phosphates of vitamin B6to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, the FAD-dependent dehydrogenation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to the 5′-methyl product, and the vitamin B12–dependent formation of methionine and sulfur amino metabolism.

Riboflavin participates in other self-regulatory and protective processes, particularly by facilitating destruction of reactive oxygen species and prevention of cellular oxidative injury in a range of tissues. Glutathione reductase is a FAD-containing enzyme that generates reduced glutathione, which acts as a cofactor in the formation of glutathione peroxidases, major selenium-containing antioxidant enzymes central to the regulation of lipid peroxidation. The availability of riboflavin is also essential to maintaining the mitochondrial pool of reduced glutathione necessary to the activities of the flavoenzymes reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)–cytochrome P450 (CYP450) reductase and NADPH–cytochrome b reductase. Riboflavin may also play a role in maintaining the integrity of erythrocytes and nerve tissue. Flavin reductase , also known as methemoglobin reductase, is an NADPH-dependent enzyme that appears to provide protection against oxidative forms of hemeproteins, such as those involved in reperfusion injury. In this process, riboflavin acts as an antioxidant through its conversion to dihydroriboflavin, with methemoglobin reduced while riboflavin is oxidized. The dihydroriboflavin not only maintains the hemeproteins in their lower oxidation states, but also rapidly reduces higher oxidation states of hemeproteins and prevents peroxidative damage to the heme and protein groups. Moreover, because the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene product (MTHFR) is a riboflavin/FAD-dependent enzyme, riboflavin status modifies the metabolic effect of the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism, a critical factor in regulation of plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy), coronary artery disease, and colon cancer risk. For individuals who carry the 677C→T polymorphism, improving both riboflavin and folate nutriture is protective.

Riboflavin is also required for gluconeogenesis, erythropoiesis, thyroid enzyme regulation, and the production of corticosteroids. Riboflavin is also important in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism and can be found in high concentration in the retina.

In normal physiological settings, riboflavin is readily absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, principally in the duodenum, through a saturable active transport system. The presence of food can increase absorption fourfold when riboflavin is ingested with meals rather than taken separately. The gastric environment is important because acid is responsible for releasing B2from noncovalent bonding in foods so that it may be absorbed. Hepatitis, cirrhosis, or biliary obstruction can also significantly impair its absorption. Riboflavin absorption is increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism. Riboflavin and a number of other water-soluble vitamins can be synthesized by the microflora that should normally populate the large intestine. Circulating riboflavin can complex with a variety of proteins, including plasma albumin. Conversion of riboflavin to its coenzymes forms (e.g., FAD) predominantly takes place in the liver, heart, and kidneys, but also to some degree in most tissues. In the body tissue, riboflavin is predominantly present as the coenzyme FAD. Riboflavin is stored in the liver to a limited extent, but hepatic reserves will only reduce to 50% of maximum storage when availability is low. Riboflavin is excreted primarily in the urine, predominantly as metabolites, with a typical half-life elimination of 66 to 84 minutes. Excess riboflavin, approximately 9%, is excreted unchanged, imparting the well-known yellow color to urine. Riboflavin crosses the placenta readily and is also excreted in breast milk.

Known or Potential Therapeutic Uses

Treatment of ariboflavinosis (riboflavin deficiency) is the primary application of riboflavin recognized in conventional medical practice. An emerging body of evidence supporting the efficacy of riboflavin for the prevention of migraine and ocular cataract is becoming more widely recognized but is still generally viewed as mixed. Nevertheless, clinical experience and a close review of the literature reveal a solid basis for further research through well-designed and high-powered clinical trials aimed at developing guidelines for therapeutic application. The use of riboflavin in conjunction with antiviral regimens, especially nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), is well established, particularly for treatment and prevention of lactic acidosis.

Riboflavin is most often administered in conjunction with other nutrients, especially B vitamins, because its physiological functions and activities as well as its depletion patterns tend to cluster, and their coadministration produces a synergistic effect.

Historical/Ethnomedicine Precedent

Vitamin B2(riboflavin) has not been used historically as an isolated nutrient.

Possible Uses

Anemia, anorexia, aphthous ulcers, ariboflavinosis (riboflavin deficiency), bulimia, burn recovery, burning feet syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, cataracts, depression, esophageal cancer (risk reduction and treatment), ethylmalonic encephalopathy, fatigue, glaucoma, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) support, hyperhomocysteinemia, involuntary eye movement, ischemia-reperfusion injury, malaria, methemoglobinemia (congenital), migraine headache (prophylaxis), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MEM), multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, neonatal jaundice (with phototherapy), Parkinson's disease, posttransplant headache, preeclampsia, red blood cell aplasia, sickle cell anemia, sports performance enhancement, thyroid disorders.

Deficiency Symptoms

Cheilosis, glossitis, and angular stomatitis (cracking at lip corners) are classic deficiency symptoms, but both hyporiboflavinosis and ariboflavinosis can also manifest as lethargy, depression, generalized weakness, hyperemia, edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes, dermatitis (particularly seborrheic dermatitis affecting the scrotum or labia majora and nasolabial folds), photosensitivity, burning and itching of the eyes, corneal vascularization, and normochromic normocytic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, sometimes associated with pure erythrocyte cytoplasia of the bone marrow. These clinical signs of deficiency in humans may appear at intakes less than 0.5 to 0.6 mg per day. Isolated riboflavin deficiency is rare and usually occurs in conjunction with broader nutritional deficiency patterns, particularly involving other B vitamins and contexts associated with increased vulnerability. Symptoms of niacin and vitamin B6deficiency may also appear because riboflavin is necessary to their metabolic activity.

The U.S. recommended dietary (daily) allowance (RDA) for riboflavin (vitamin B2), as revised in 1998, was established based on dosage level necessary to prevent the pathophysiological changes associated with riboflavin deficiency, not to maintain normal enzyme function, promote optimal health, or treat specific conditions.

The most common cause of insufficient riboflavin status is unbalanced, nutritionally deficient diets, particularly affecting infants and children, elderly persons, low-income populations, and those in areas characterized by deprivation. Individuals in particular groups tend to be especially at risk for riboflavin deficiency, including chronic heavy alcohol use, people with chronic illnesses (especially chronic liver disease), patients with severe burns or sickle cell anemia, patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with inadequate riboflavin, and gastric bypass bariatric surgery patients, if they neglect to take high-potency B-complex supplements. Impaired absorption and reduced assimilation of riboflavin can result from abnormal digestion caused by various conditions, including gastrointestinal (GI) infections or parasites, infectious enteritis, GI and biliary obstructions, chronic diarrhea, decreased GI passage time, celiac disease, tropical sprue, malignancy, and resection of the small intestine, as in management of patients with Crohn's enteritis. Infants receiving phototherapy for neonatal jaundice are also at risk for riboflavin deficiency. Inadequate thyroid hormone and cataract formation can also be associated with impaired riboflavin status. Inborn errors of metabolism affecting the formation of a flavoprotein, such as acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases, can cause deficiency in relatively rare cases. Children may be at increased risk of deficiency during phases of rapid growth. Riboflavin deficiency is relatively common in children with cardiac disease, especially congestive heart failure. Low milk consumption and lactose intolerance can also contribute to decreased riboflavin intake. Vegetarians tend to have depressed riboflavin levels, and vegans are considered at increased risk of riboflavin deficiency, although nutritional yeast is an excellent source for vegans. Individuals engaged in strenuous athletic activities tend to have increased riboflavin requirements and may be more susceptible to deficiency. Women using oral contraceptives tend to lower levels of riboflavin and other B vitamins. In many women, riboflavin levels tend to be lower during periods of exercise and calorie-restrictive dieting.

Dietary Sources

Even though all plant and animal cells contain riboflavin and it is widely distributed in foodstuffs, few foods provide abundant sources of this essential nutrient. The richest dietary sources of riboflavin are calf liver and other organ meats, torula (nutritional) yeast, brewer's yeast, and mushrooms. Milk products (especially yogurt), spinach, asparagus, broccoli and other leafy green vegetables, egg whites, fish roe, almonds and other nuts, legumes, sunflower seeds, whole grains (especially wild rice), wheat germ, and fortified grains can also contain significant amounts of vitamin B2. Regular daily intake of riboflavin is important because, as with other B vitamins, vitamin B2is not stored in appreciable amounts. Healthy subjects restricted to a riboflavin-free diet may demonstrate symptoms of riboflavin deficiency within 7 days. ¹ The requirement for riboflavin appears to be related more to nitrogen balance than to caloric intake.

The availability and stability of riboflavin vary with different food sources. Riboflavin from animal sources is better absorbed and thus exhibits higher bioavailability than from vegetable sources. Vegetarians, and vegans in particular, therefore are more susceptible to inadequate riboflavin intake. The milling and processing of grains usually result in substantial loss of riboflavin because the vitamin is concentrated in the germ and bran. Furthermore, being water soluble, the riboflavin in grains and vegetables is often leached away during cooking, unless those fluids are reused as soups and sauces. The riboflavin in milk is relatively abundant and generally stable, although it was often degraded by light exposure when distributed in clear-glass bottles.

Nutrient Preparations Available

Riboflavin and riboflavin 5′-monophosphate are the most common forms of riboflavin available in supplements. Riboflavin is rarely administered as a monotherapy or dispensed as an individual nutrient; it is almost always part of a multinutrient formulation, particularly as a component of a B-vitamin complex. In general, such coadministration is superior because vitamin B2is most effective in combination with vitamins B1, B3, and B6.

Dosage Forms Available

• Oral:   Capsule, soft elastic capsule, tablet, enteric-coated tablet, extended-release tablet.

• Injection:   Injectable riboflavin sodium phosphate is available by prescription. Riboflavin is moderately unstable in glucose–amino acid solutions but is stabilized with addition of a lipid, typically a 3:1 mixture, in TPN admixtures.

Dosage Range

Adult

• Dietary:   5 to 30 mg per day. However, a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimated that daily riboflavin intake less than the RDA occurs in about a third of Americans. In the United Kingdom the average adult daily diet for men provides 2.24 mg and 1.98 mg for women.

• Supplemental/Maintenance:   The ideal level of riboflavin intake has not been established, but the 25 to 50 mg typically contained in nutritional supplements is generally considered more than adequate for most individuals.

In the United States the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences recommends the following dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for riboflavin:

• Men (>18 years): 1.3 mg
• Women (>18 years): 1.1 mg
• Pregnant women (any age): 1.4 mg
• Lactating women (any age): 1.6 mg

Pharmacological/Therapeutic: 10 to 100 mg/day, although 400 mg/day is often administered for migraine prophylaxis.

Toxic: None established. The evidence on adverse effects has been deemed insufficient to set a tolerable upper intake level (UL) for riboflavin.

Pediatric (<18 Years)

• Dietary: 2.5 to 10 mg/day.
• Infants, birth to 6 months: 0.3 mg/day (AI, adequate intake)
• Infants, 7 to 12 months: 0.4 mg/day (AI)
• Children, 1 to 3 years: 0.5 mg/day (RDA)
• Children, 4 to 8 years: 0.6 mg/day (RDA)
• Children, 9 to 13 years: 0.9 mg/day (RDA)
• Adolescents, 14 to 18 years: 1.0 mg/day for females; 1.3 mg/day for males (RDA)

• Supplemental/Maintenance:   0.4 to 1.8 mg/day.

• Pharmacological/Therapeutic:   Riboflavin is generally not administered in pharmacological doses to infants or children. Riboflavin at levels five times that in formulas for term infants is often provided in augmented preterm infant formulas (PIFs) administered enterally to very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants; 5 mg three times daily has been used during phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.

Toxic: Not established.

Laboratory Values

• Erythrocyte riboflavin: This test is generally not considered to provide a sensitive index. Levels below 15 µg/dL of red blood cells indicate deficiency.
• Red blood cell FAD and FMN: Because these forms constitute more than 90% of riboflavin, these levels (obtained after modest hydrolysis from FAD) have been used as indicators of the cellular concentration of riboflavin in its form as coenzyme.
• Urinary riboflavin: Urinary excretion of riboflavin reflects an excess of current intake beyond tissue requirements. A normal adult excretes 120 µg or more in 24 hours. Excretion of less than 100 µg daily indicates deficiency.
• Erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activity coefficients: Stimulation of FAD-dependent EGR in vitro, which relies on an associated oxidation of NADPH, can be readily monitored spectrophotometrically and expressed as an activity coefficient (AC) indicating the ratio of activities in the presence and absence of added FAD. Assessment of this riboflavin-dependent enzyme provides a reliable indicator of functional riboflavin status but has known limitations, particularly in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
• An activity coefficient less than 1.2 is defined as “acceptable,” 1.2 to 1.4 as indicating low riboflavin status, and greater than 1.4 indicating deficiency.
• Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection: This test may provide an effective tool for accurate assessment of riboflavin status by allowing detection of all riboflavin vitamers below physiological concentrations.

Urinary riboflavin levels are often measured to assess compliance with medication regimens, particularly with patients being treated for alcohol dependence, mental disorders, and other conditions.

High intake levels of riboflavin are known to interfere with the accuracy of many laboratory tests, including urinalysis based on spectrometry, drugs of abuse assays, and fluorometric determinations of catecholamines and urobilinogen.

Overview

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is generally considered to be nontoxic at typical supplemental and dietary dosage levels. Its limited intestinal absorption and water solubility make riboflavin toxicity highly improbable.

Nutrient Adverse Effects

General Adverse Effects

Beyond flavinuria, the yellow discoloration of urine, with high doses and extremely rare instances of allergic reactions, riboflavin toxicity in humans is unknown. Although indications of serious adverse effects are lacking, very high doses have reportedly caused itching, numbness, and burning or prickling sensations. Only two minor, nonspecific adverse events (diarrhea and polyuria) were reported during the 4-month course of a clinical trial involving 400 mg per day for migraine prophylaxis. ² A potential risk from the photosensitizing properties of riboflavin has been raised, but no substantial evidence is available to confirm such a concern as clinically significant.

Mutagenicity

None has been found on testing or has otherwise been proposed or suspected.

Pregnancy and Nursing

Riboflavin is excreted in breast milk but is generally considered safe during pregnancy and lactation at usual dosage levels.

Teratogenicity

None has been reported.

No pediatric adverse effects from vitamin B2have been established.

Contraindications

No contradictions have been established for riboflavin.

Precautions and Warnings

No warnings or precautions have been established for vitamin B2, other than known allergy to constituents of the formulation.

Strategic Considerations

The administration of riboflavin as a monotherapy is atypical in conventional practice and nutritionally oriented therapeutics; its use in migraine prophylaxis represents its most well-known monotherapeutic application. Supplementation is usually unnecessary for individuals with a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle, although requirements can be increased with stresses such as poor nutritional intake (of riboflavin and other B vitamins), chronic illness, malabsorption disorders, alcohol consumption, hemodialysis, chemotherapy, or even vigorous athletic activity. The diagnosis of riboflavin deficiency is usually based on the symptoms and evidence of general undernutrition. Angular stomatitis is the most readily observable sign of emerging deficiency but frequently goes unrecognized at early stages. Diagnostic tests to confirm riboflavin deficiency are not readily available or particularly sensitive to functional depletion. In cases of frank riboflavin deficiency, high doses are typically administered orally until symptoms resolve. Impairment and deficiencies involving B vitamins are highly interdependent, and these nutrients are usually most effective when administered concomitantly. Riboflavin is generally considered to be nontoxic at typical supplemental and dietary dosage levels, with flavinuria (yellow-colored urine) being the primary side effect.

Although evidence from focused clinical trials is limited, adverse effects from coadministration appears to be improbable with most medications, given basic intake timing precautions. The major exception is individuals at high risk for malaria or being treated with antimalarial medications. Coadministration of riboflavin is particularly indicated with the several pharmaceuticals that impair riboflavin absorption and the many that inhibit conversion of riboflavin to its active coenzymes, FAD and FMN. The concomitant use of riboflavin and thiamine with the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors used in HIV pharmacotherapy can prevent or reverse the uncommon but usually irreversible lactic acidosis caused by drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity and riboflavin deficiency. Coadministration with tricyclic antidepressants appears not only to counter drug-induced adverse effects but also to enhance therapeutic response, especially in depressed patients with low folate levels, defective methylation functions, and low thyroxine levels. Less dramatically, riboflavin's lack of toxicity suggests that it can be broadly prescribed to prevent or reverse drug-induced depletion effects, even in the absence of deficiency signs, as with oral contraceptives and CYP450-inducing antiseizure medications. Riboflavin appears to be safe even in the case of the anticholinergic agent propantheline, which can elevate riboflavin levels. Concomitant administration of other B vitamins is often indicated for full effectiveness of vitamin B2.

Tetracycline-class antibiotics, chlorpromazine and d phenothiazine antipsychotics, and boric acid are prominent among the drugs with notable pharmacokinetic interactions with riboflavin, typically involving binding that impairs absorption of both substances. Chlorpromazine and boric acid and its derivatives promote renal excretion of riboflavin. Preliminary evidence suggests that riboflavin could theoretically impair the therapeutic activity of doxorubicin, selegiline, and some sulfa drugs in individuals exposed to sunlight or other bright light.

The role of riboflavin in cardiovascular function is emerging as an area of significant scientific research, providing new data on interactions involving related medications. Research involving patients with migraine demonstrated a decreased mitochondrial phosphorylation potential between migraine attacks and suggests that decreased brain mitochondrial energy reserve between attacks is related to the activity of flavoenzymes, particularly FMN and FAD, in the electron transport chain and the production of cellular energy. The pivotal role of riboflavin in FAD, which is the cofactor for the MTHFR enzyme, as well as the role of MTHFR in the regulation of homocysteine, may bring riboflavin into equal prominence with folic acid, vitamins B6and B12, and possibly thiamine as a key agent in remethylation processes and modulation of risks associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. The antioxidant activity of vitamin B2and its clinical implications have yet to be fully elucidated but are derived from its role as a component of FAD and the role of this cofactor in the production of the antioxidant peptide reduced glutathione, as well as from its conversion to dihydroriboflavin. By affecting the mitochondrial pool of reduced glutathione, riboflavin deficiency in turn affects the activities of the flavoenzymes NADPH-CYP450 reductase, NADPH–cytochrome b reductase, and NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase (i.e., flavin reductase).

Oxidative forms of hemeproteins have been implicated in reperfusion injury, and elevated riboflavin levels have been reported to provide protection against such altered hemeproteins and reperfusion injury. ^3-6Continued research into these activities and functions will provide new insight into the importance of riboflavin nutriture, suggest expanded therapeutic uses for riboflavin administration, and present new challenges for understanding both beneficial and harmful interactions with conventional medications.

• 1.Tillotson JA, Baker EM. An enzymatic measurement of the riboflavin status in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:425-431.View Abstract
• 2.Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1998;50:466-470.View Abstract
• 3.Xu F, Hultquist DE. Coupling of dihydroriboflavin oxidation to the formation of the higher valence states of hemeproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;181:197-203.View Abstract
• 4.Hultquist DE, Xu F, Quandt KS et al. Evidence that NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase and administered riboflavin protect tissues from oxidative injury. Am J Hematol 1993;42:13-18.View Abstract
• 5.Christensen HN. Riboflavin can protect tissue from oxidative injury. Nutr Rev 1993;51:149-150.View Abstract
• 6.Mack CP, Hultquist DE, Shlafer M. Myocardial flavin reductase and riboflavin: a potential role in decreasing reoxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;212:35-40.View Abstract
• 7.McCormick DB. Riboflavin. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:391-399.
• 8.Lewis JS, Bunker ML, Getts SS, Essien R. Variability of creatinine excretion of normal, phenylketonuric and galactosemic children, and children treated with anticonvulsant drugs. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:310-315.View Abstract
• 9.Reynolds EH. Chronic antiepileptic toxicity: a review. Epilepsia 1975;16:319-352.View Abstract
• 10.Lewis JA, Baer MT, Laufer MA. Urinary riboflavin and creatinine excretion in children treated with anticonvulsant drugs [letter]. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:394.View Abstract
• 11.Krause KH, Bonjour JP, Berlit P et al. Effect of long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs on the vitamin status. Drug Nutr Interact 1988;5:317-343.View Abstract
• 12.Schwaninger M, Ringleb P, Winter R et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine in antiepileptic drug treatment. Epilepsia 1999;40:345-350.View Abstract
• 13.Verrotti A, Trotta D, Cutarella R et al. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on evoked potentials in epileptic children. Pediatr Neurol 2000;23:397-402.View Abstract
• 14.Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Strandjord RE. Antiepileptic drugs as independent predictors of plasma total homocysteine levels. Epilepsy Res 2001;47:27-35.View Abstract
• 15.Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K et al. The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res 2002;51:237-247.View Abstract
• 16.Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K et al. Fasting and post-methionine loading concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B₂, and vitamin B₆ in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Clin Chem 2003;49:1005-1008.View Abstract
• 17.Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE et al. Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clin Chem 2000;46:1065-1071.View Abstract
• 18.Jacques PF, Kalmbach R, Bagley PJ et al. The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. J Nutr 2002;132:283-288.
• 19.Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PA, Powers HJ et al. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin Chem 2003;49:295-302.View Abstract
• 20.Pinto J, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. Inhibition of riboflavin metabolism in rat tissues by chlorpromazine, imipramine, and amitriptyline. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1500-1506.View Abstract
• 21.Dutta P, Pinto J, Rivlin R. Antimalarial effects of riboflavin deficiency. Lancet 1985;2:1040-1043.View Abstract
• 22.Dutta P. Disturbances in glutathione metabolism and resistance to malaria: current understanding and new concepts. J Soc Pharm Chem 1993;2:11-48.
• 23.Das BS, Thurnham DI, Patnaik JK et al. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation in riboflavin-deficient, malaria-infected children. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:859-863.View Abstract
• 24.Galat A. Interaction of riboflavin binding protein with riboflavin, quinacrine, chlorpromazine and daunomycin. Int J Biochem 1988;20:1021-1029.View Abstract
• 25.Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Drugs that promote renal excretion of riboflavin. Drug Nutr Interact 1987;5:143-151.View Abstract
• 26.Akompong T, Ghori N, Haldar K. In vitro activity of riboflavin against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:88-96.View Abstract
• 27.Seeler AO, Ott WH. Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the course of Plasmodium lophurae infection in chicks. J Infect Dis 1944;75:175-178.
• 28.Siddiqui WA, Schnell JV, Geiman QM. Nutritional requirements for in vitro cultivation of a simian malarial parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. Mil Med 1969;134:929-938.View Abstract
• 29.Kaikai P, Thurnham DI. The influence of riboflavin deficiency on Plasmodium berghei infection in rats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:680-686.View Abstract
• 30.Das BS, Das DB, Satpathy RN et al. Riboflavin deficiency and severity of malaria. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988;42:277-283.View Abstract
• 31.Thurnham DI, Oppenheimer SJ, Bull R. Riboflavin status and malaria in infants in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:423-424.View Abstract
• 32.Dutta P, Pinto JT, Raiczyk GB, Rivlin RS. Effects of quinacrine, tetracycline, Adriamycin and chloroquine upon flavin metabolism in rats. In: Edmondson DE, McCormick DB, eds. Flavins and Flavoproteins. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1987:473-476.
• 33.Dutta P. Enhanced uptake and metabolism of riboflavin in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. J Protozool 1991;38:479-483.View Abstract
• 34.Rivlin RS, Dutta P. Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin): relevance to malaria and antioxidant activity. Nutr Today 1995;30:62-67.
• 35.Zaman Z, Verwilghen RL. Effects of riboflavin deficiency on oxidative phosphorylation, flavin enzymes and coenzymes in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975;67:1192-1198.View Abstract
• 36.Vir SC, Love AH, Thompson W. Riboflavin status during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2699-2705.
• 37.Mizcock BA, Falck JL. Lactic acidosis in critical illness. Crit Care Med 1992;20:80-93.
• 38.Beach RS, Mantero-Atienza E, Shor-Posner G et al. Specific nutrient abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1992;6:701-708.View Abstract
• 39.Freiman JP, Helfert KE, Hamrell MR, Stein DS. Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients. Aids 1993;7:379-385.View Abstract
• 40.Bissuel F, Bruneel F, Habersetzer F et al. Fulminant hepatitis with severe lactate acidosis in HIV-infected patients on didanosine therapy. J Intern Med 1994;235:367-371.View Abstract
• 41.Sundar K, Suarez M, Banogon PE, Shapiro JM. Zidovudine-induced fatal lactic acidosis and hepatic failure in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of two patients and review of the literature. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1425-1430.View Abstract
• 42.Brinkman K, ter Hofstede HJ, Burger DM et al. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS 1998;12:1735-1744.View Abstract
• 43.Fouty B, Frerman F, Reves R. Riboflavin to treat nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis. Lancet 1998;352:291-292.View Abstract
• 44.Ter Hofstede HJ, de Marie S, Foudraine NA et al. Clinical features and risk factors of lactic acidosis following long-term antiretroviral therapy: 4 fatal cases. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:611-616.View Abstract
• 45.Kontorinis N, Dieterich D. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Rev 2003;5:36-43.View Abstract
• 46.Schoenen J, Lenaerts M, Bastings E. High-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic treatment of migraine: results of an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 1994;14:328-329.View Abstract
• 47.Luzzati R, Del Bravo P, Di Perri G et al. Riboflavine and severe lactic acidosis. Lancet 1999;353:901-902.View Abstract
• 48.Schramm C, Wanitschke R, Galle PR. Thiamine for the treatment of nucleoside analogue–induced severe lactic acidosis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999;16:733-735.View Abstract
• 49.Dalton SD, Rahimi AR. Emerging role of riboflavin in the treatment of nucleoside analogue–induced type B lactic acidosis. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001;15:611-614.View Abstract
• 50.Vasseur BG, Kawanishi H, Shah N, Anderson ML. Type B lactic acidosis: a rare complication of antiretroviral therapy after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:1251-1252.View Abstract
• 51.Pelliccione N, Pinto J, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. Accelerated development of riboflavin deficiency by treatment with chlorpromazine. Biochem Pharmacol 1983;32:2949-2953.View Abstract
• 52.Sugiyama S, Ozawa T. Protection of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia by flavin-adenine-dinucleotide in canine heart. Jpn Heart J 1979;20:657-665.View Abstract
• 53.Kitazawa M, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T et al. Mechanism of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia: arrhythmia and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Electrocardiol 1981;14:219-224.View Abstract
• 54.Pinto J, Raiczyk GB, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. New approaches to the possible prevention of side effects of chemotherapy by nutrition. Cancer 1986;58:1911-1914.View Abstract
• 55.Pinto J, Huang YP, Chaudhuri R, Rivlin RS. Disturbances in the formation of FAD and covalently bound flavins in Novikoff hepatoma from riboflavin-deficient rats. Nutr Cancer 1987;10:95-102.View Abstract
• 56.Raiczyk GB, Pinto J. Inhibition of flavin metabolism by Adriamycin in skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37:1741-1744.View Abstract
• 57.Dreizen S, McCredie KB, Keating MJ, Andersson BS. Nutritional deficiencies in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Postgrad Med 1990;87:163-167, 170.View Abstract
• 58.Ogura R, Toyama H, Shimada T, Murakami M. The role of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in preventing Adriamycin-induced mitochondrial disorders in rat heart. J Appl Biochem 1979;1:325.
• 59.Raiczyk GB, Rivlin RS, Pinto J. Enhancement of Adriamycin-induced mortality during riboflavin administration and riboflavin deficiency in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1988;188:495-499.
• 60.Okamoto K, Ogura R. Effects of vitamins on lipid peroxidation and suppression of DNA synthesis induced by Adriamycin in Ehrlich cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1985;31:129-137.View Abstract
• 61.Bomgaars L, Gunawardena S, Kelley SE, Ramu A. The inactivation of doxorubicin by long ultraviolet light. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997;40:506-512.View Abstract
• 62.Ramu A, Mehta MM, Leaseburg T, Aleksic A. The enhancement of riboflavin-mediated photo-oxidation of doxorubicin by histidine and urocanic acid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001;47:338-346.View Abstract
• 63.Pinto JT, Delman BN, Dutta P, Nisselbaum J. Adriamycin-induced increase in serum aldosterone levels: effects in riboflavin-sufficient and riboflavin-deficient rats. Endocrinology 1990;127:1495-1501.View Abstract
• 64.Dutta P, Rivlin RS, Pinto J. Enhanced depletion of lens reduced glutathione Adriamycin in riboflavin-deficient rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;40:1111-1115.View Abstract
• 65.Ahmed F, Bamji MS. Biochemical basis for the “riboflavin defect” associated with the use of oral contraceptives: a study in female rats. Contraception 1976;14:297-307.View Abstract
• 66.Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561-564.View Abstract
• 67.Larsson-Cohn U. Oral contraceptives and vitamins: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;121:84-90.View Abstract
• 68.Ahmed F, Bamji MS, Iyengar L. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:606-615.View Abstract
• 69.Webb JL. Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review. J Reprod Med 1980;25:150-156.View Abstract
• 70.Sanpitak N, Chayutimonkul L. Oral contraceptives and riboflavine nutrition. Lancet 1974;1:836-837.View Abstract
• 71.Briggs M. Oral contraceptives and vitamin nutrition [letter]. Lancet 1974;1:1234-1235.View Abstract
• 72.Vir SC, Love AH. Riboflavin nutriture of oral contraceptive users. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979;49:286-290.View Abstract
• 72a.Lewis CM, King JC. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(4):832-838.
• 73.Roe DA, Bogusz S, Sheu J, McCormick DB. Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:495-501.View Abstract
• 74.Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ et al. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:509-517.View Abstract
• 75.Markkanen T, Toivanen P, Toivanen A, Sotaniemi E. The effect of probenecid (p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid) on the spontaneous renal excretion of biologically active metabolites of thiamine, riboflavin and pantothenic acid. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963;15:511-516.View Abstract
• 76.Jusko WJ, Levy G. Effect of probenecid on riboflavin absorption and excretion in man. J Pharm Sci 1967;56:1145-1149.View Abstract
• 77.Jusko WJ, Rennick BR, Levy G. Renal excretion of riboflavin in the dog. Am J Physiol 1970;218:1046-1053.
• 78.Jusko WJ, Levy G, Yaffe SJ, Gorodischer R. Effect of probenecid on renal clearance of riboflavin in man. J Pharm Sci 1970;59:473-477.View Abstract
• 79.Yanagawa N, Shih RN, Jo OD, Said HM. Riboflavin transport by isolated perfused rabbit renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000;279:C1782-C1786.View Abstract
• 80.Said HM, Ortiz A, Moyer MP, Yanagawa N. Riboflavin uptake by human-derived colonic epithelial NCM460 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000;278:C270-C276.
• 81.Levy G, Gibaldi M, Procknal JA. Effect of an anticholinergic agent on riboflavin absorption in man. J Pharm Sci 1972;61:798-799.View Abstract
• 82.Nimmo WS. Drugs, diseases and altered gastric emptying. Clin Pharmacokinet 1976;1:189-203.View Abstract
• 83.Grundhofer B, Gibaldi M. Biopharmaceutic factors that influence effects of anticholinergic drugs: comparison of propantheline, hexocyclium, and isopropamide. J Pharm Sci 1977;66:1433-1435.View Abstract
• 84.Osinski MA, Seifert TR, Cox BF, Gintant GA. An improved method of evaluation of drug-evoked changes in gastric emptying in mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2002;47:115-120.View Abstract
• 85.Zhou H. Pharmacokinetic strategies in deciphering atypical drug absorption profiles. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43:211-227.View Abstract
• 86.Stripp B. Intestinal absorption of riboflavin by man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1965;22:353-362.View Abstract
• 87.Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:54-66.View Abstract
• 88.Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals; 2003:1.
• 89.Campiglio A. [Inactivation of tetracycline solutions by riboflavin.] Farmaco [Prat] 1957;12:526-527.View Abstract
• 90.Leeson LJ, Weidenheimer JF. Stability of tetracycline and riboflavin. J Pharm Sci 1969;58:355-357.View Abstract
• 91.Vil’shanskaia FL, Shteinberg GB, Kats IZ et al. [Dysbacteriosis of the intestine in persons exposed to tetracycline under conditions of production and their treatment with colibacterin]. Antibiotiki 1969;14:1043-1046.
• 92.Gorbach SL. Bengt E. Gustafsson Memorial Lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1986;49:17-30.View Abstract
• 93.Conly JM, Stein K, Worobetz L, Rutledge-Harding S. The contribution of vitamin K₂ (menaquinones) produced by the intestinal microflora to human nutritional requirements for vitamin K. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:915-923.View Abstract
• 94.Conly J, Stein K. Reduction of vitamin K₂ concentrations in human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials. Clin Invest Med 1994;17:531-539.View Abstract
• 95.Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997;21:357-365.View Abstract
• 96.Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6 Suppl 1:S43-S45.View Abstract
• 97.Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S. Human colonic microbiota: ecology, physiology and metabolic potential of intestinal bacteria. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997;222:3-9.View Abstract
• 98.Cunningham-Rundles S, Ahrne S, Bengmark S et al. Probiotics and immune response. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:S22-S25.View Abstract
• 99.Gill HS. Probiotics to enhance anti-infective defences in the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003;17:755-773.View Abstract
• 100.Reid G, Sanders ME, Gaskins HR et al. New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;37:105-118.View Abstract
• 101.Velizhenko GG. [Effect of thiamine, riboflavin and ascorbic acid on tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin activity]. Antibiotiki 1975;20:610-613.View Abstract
• 102.Omray A, Varma KC. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of tetracycline hydrochloride upon oral administration with vitamin C and vitamin B complex. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 1981;23:33-37.
• 103.Rivlin RS, Langdon RG. Regulation of hepatic FAD levels by thyroid hormone. Adv Enzyme Regul 1966;4:45-58.View Abstract
• 104.Lee SS, McCormick DB. Thyroid hormone regulation of flavocoenzyme biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985;237:197-201.View Abstract
• 105.Cimino JA, Jhangiani S, Schwartz E, Cooperman JM. Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid human adult. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987;184:151-153.View Abstract
• 106.Rivlin RS, Menendez C, Langdon RG. Biochemical similarities between hypothyroidism and riboflavin deficiency. Endocrinology 1968;83:461-469.
• 107.Rivlin RS, Wolf G. Diminished responsiveness to thyroid hormone in riboflavin-deficient rats. Nature 1969;223:516-517.View Abstract
• 108.Croxson MS, Ibbertson HK. Low serum triiodothyronine (T₃) and hypothyroidism in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44:167-174.View Abstract
• 109.Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E et al. Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:672-678.View Abstract
• 110.Shoemaker JP, McAllister RG Jr, Selby JB, Hoffman RV Jr. Effect of hypothyroidism on parasitemia and survival in rodent malaria. Am J Med Sci 1974;268:281-285.View Abstract
• 111.Bell IR, Edman JS, Morrow FD et al. Brief communication: vitamin B₁, B₂, and B₆ augmentation of tricyclic antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression with cognitive dysfunction. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:159-163.View Abstract
• 112.Bell IR, Morrow FD, Read M et al. Low thyroxine levels in female psychiatric inpatients with riboflavin deficiency: implications for folate-dependent methylation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:360-363.View Abstract
• 113.Edelbroek PM, Zitman FG, Schreuder JN et al. Amitriptyline metabolism in relation to antidepressive effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984;35:467-473.View Abstract
• 114.Tinguely D, Jonzier M, Schopf J et al. Determination of compliance with riboflavin in an antidepressive therapy. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35:536-538.View Abstract
• 115.Perel JM. Compliance during tricyclic antidepressant therapy: pharmacokinetic and analytical issues. Clin Chem 1988;34:881-887.
• 116.Sándor PS, Afra J, Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with beta-blockers and riboflavin: differential effects on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials. Headache 2000;40:30-35.
• 117.Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin Ther 1982;4:423-440.View Abstract
• 118.Helmick RA, Fletcher AE, Gardner AM et al. Imidazole antibiotics inhibit the nitric oxide dioxygenase function of microbial flavohemoglobin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1837-1843.View Abstract
• 119.Fischer M, Bacher A. Biosynthesis of flavocoenzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2005;22:324-350.View Abstract
• 120.Rivlin RS. Riboflavin and cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1973;33:1977-1986.View Abstract
• 121.Svahn J, Schiaffino MC, Caruso U et al. Severe lactic acidosis due to thiamine deficiency in a patient with B-cell leukemia/lymphoma on total parenteral nutrition during high-dose methotrexate therapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;25:965-968.
• 122.Takacs M, Vamos J, Papp Q, et al. [In vitro interaction of selegiline, riboflavin and light. Sensitized photodegradation of drugs. I] Acta Pharm Hung 1999;69(3):103-107. (Hungarian)
• 123.Parks OW. Photodegradation of sulfa drugs by fluorescent light. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1985;68(6):1232-1234.View Abstract
• 124.Bates CJ, Fuller NJ. The effect of riboflavin deficiency on methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) (EC 1.5.1.20) and folate metabolism in the rat. Br J Nutr 1986;55(2):455-464. Erratum in: Br J Nutr 1986;56(3):following 683.View Abstract
• 125.Powers HJ. Riboflavin-iron interactions with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Nutr Soc 1995;54:509-517.View Abstract
• 126.Roe DA, Kalkwarf H, Stevens J. Effect of fiber supplements on the apparent absorption of pharmacological doses of riboflavin. J Am Diet Assoc 1988;88:211-213.View Abstract
• 127.Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Kistemaker C et al. Interrelationships between riboflavin and vitamin B₆ among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64:198-203.
• 128.Madigan SM, Tracey F, McNulty H et al. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:389-395.View Abstract
• 129.McCormick DB. Two interconnected B vitamins: riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev 1989;69:1170-1198.View Abstract
• 130.Fujii K, Golivan JH, Huennekens FM. Activation of methionine synthetase: further characterisation of the flavoprotein system. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977;178:662-670.
• .[No authors listed.] Antimalarial effects of riboflavin deficiency. Lancet 1986;1(8476):329-330.
• .[No authors listed.] Ferrokinetics in riboflavin deficient baboons. Nutr Rev 1968;26(11):345-347.
• .[No authors listed.] Nutrition classics: public health reports volume 53, number 52: riboflavin deficiency in man: a preliminary note: Sebrell WH, Butler RE. Nutr Rev 1976;34(9):275-277.
• .[No authors listed.] Riboflavin deficiency inhibits multiplication of malarial parasites. Nutr Rev 1984;42(5):195-196.
• .[No authors listed.] Riboflavin status and resistance to Plasmodium. Nutr Rev 1989;47(6):181-183.
• .[No authors listed.] Riboflavin under the lights. Lancet 1978;1(8075):1191-1192.
• .Adelekan DA, Thurnham DI. Effects of combined riboflavin and iron deficiency on the hematological status and tissue iron concentrations of the rat. J Nutr 1986;116(7):1257-1265.
• .Adelekan DA, Thurnham DI, Adekile AD. Reduced antioxidant capacity in paediatric patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989;43(9):609-614.
• .Adelekan DA, Thurnham DI. The influence of riboflavin deficiency on absorption and liver storage of iron in the growing rat. Br J Nutr 1986;56(1):171-179.
• .Agte VV, Paknikar KM, Chiplonkar SA. Effect of riboflavin supplementation on zinc and iron absorption and growth performance in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;65(2):109-115.
• .Ahmed F, Bamji MS. Vitamin supplements to women using oral contraceptives (studies of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and A). Contraception 1976;14(3):309-318.
• .Ajayi OA. Bioavailability of riboflavin from fortified palm juice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1989;39(4):375-380.
• .Ajayi OA. Biochemical ariboflavinosis among Nigerian rural school children. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984;38(5):383-389.
• .Ajayi OA. Incidence of biochemical riboflavin deficiency in Nigerian pregnant women. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985;39(2):149-153.
• .Ajayi OA, George BO, Ipadeola T. Clinical trial of riboflavin in sickle cell disease. East Afr Med J 1993;70(7):418-421.
• .Ajayi OA, James OA. Effect of riboflavin supplementation on riboflavin nutriture of a secondary school population in Nigeria. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39(5):787-791.
• .Ajayi OA, Okike OC, Yusuf Y. Haematological response to supplements of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in Nigerian young adults. Eur J Haematol 1990;44(4):209-212.
• .Alekseeva IA, Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, et al. [Assessment of vitamin B2, B6, and PP supply from data on excretion of vitamins and their metabolites in alimentary iron and riboflavin deficiency.] Vopr Med Khim 1992;38(5):17-20. [Russian]
• .Alexander M, Emanuel G, Golin T, et al. Relation of riboflavin nutriture in healthy elderly to intake of calcium and vitamin supplements: evidence against riboflavin supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:540-546.
• .Alfrey CP, Lane M. The effect of riboflavin deficiency on erythropoiesis. Semin Hematol 1970;7(1):49-54.
• .Ames BN. A role for supplements in optimizing health: the metabolic tune-up. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004;423(1):227-234. (Review)
• .Ames BN. DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. Mutat Res 2001;475(1-2):7-20. (Review)
• .Ames BN. Increasing longevity by tuning up metabolism: to maximize human health and lifespan, scientists must abandon outdated models of micronutrients. EMBO Rep 2005;6(Suppl 1):S20-24. (Review)
• .Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: a major cause of DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;889:87-106. (Review)
• .Ames BN. The metabolic tune-up: metabolic harmony and disease prevention. J Nutr 2003;133(5):1544S-1548S. (Review)
• .Ames BN, Atamna H, Killilea DW. Mineral and vitamin deficiencies can accelerate the mitochondrial decay of aging. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26(4-5):363-378. (Review)
• .Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(4):616-658. (Review)
• .Amorim Cruz JA, Moreiras O, Brzozowska A. Longitudinal changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals of elderly Europeans: SENECA Investigators. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(Suppl 2):S77-S85.
• .Angkatavanich J, Suthutvoravut U, Panijpan B, et al. Effects of multivitamin supplementation for improvement of thiamin, riboflavin, and retinol nutrition in pediatric patients. J Med Assoc Thai 1993;76(Suppl 2):138-145.
• .Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn injuries. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:287-294.
• .Antunes W. [A case of ariboflavinosis.] Folha Med 1951;32(7):51-52.
• .Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K, et al. Fasting and post-methionine loading concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B2, and vitamin B6 in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Clin Chem 2003;49(6 Pt 1):1005-1008.
• .Appelmans M, Weyts J. [Ariboflavinosis in native of the Belgian Congo.] Arch Ophthalmol Rev Gen Ophthalmol 1951;11(4):333-339.
• .Arakawa T. [Disorders of folate metabolism: primary and secondary metabolic disorders.] Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1972;17(3):196-202. (Review) [Japanese]
• .Ascher KW. Ariboflavinosis keratopathy. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1969;48(12):685-688.
• .Aw T-Y, Jones DP, McCormick DB. Uptake of riboflavin by isolated rat liver cells. J Nutr 1983;113:1249-1254.
• .Babiker IE, Cooke PR, Gillett MG. How useful is riboflavin as a tracer of medication compliance? J Behav Med 1989;12(1):25-38.
• .Bacher A, Eberhardt S, Fischer M, et al. Biosynthesis of vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Annu Rev Nutr 2000;20:153-167. (Review)
• .Bacher A, Ludwig HC, Schnepple H, et al. Heavy riboflavin synthase from Bacillus subtilis: quaternary structure and reaggregation. J Mol Biol 1986;187(1):75-86.
• .Badart-Smook A, van Houwelingen AC, Al MD, et al. Foetal growth is associated positively with maternal intake of riboflavin and negatively with maternal intake of linoleic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97:867-870.
• .Baggott JE, Bridges SL Jr, Morgan SL. Evidence for two phenotypes in the metabolism of methotrexate to 7-hydroxymethotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(1):356-358.
• .Balbisi EA, Ambizas EM. Riboflavin in prophylactic treatment of migraine. U S Pharm 2005;5:32-38. (Review)
• .Bamji MS, Chowdhury N, Ramalakshmi BA, et al. Enzymatic evaluation of riboflavin status of infants. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45(6):309-313.
• .Bamji MS, Prema K, Jacob CM, et al. Vitamin supplements to Indian women using low dosage oral contraceptives. Contraception 1985;32(4):405-416.
• .Bamji MS, Prema K, Rama Lakshmi BA, et al. Oral contraceptive use and vitamin nutrition status of malnourished women: effects of continuous and intermittent vitamin supplements. J Steroid Biochem 1979;11(1B):487-491.
• .Bamji MS, Safaya S, Prema K. Low dose injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate 20mg monthly: II: metabolic side effects. Contraception 1981;23(1):23-36.
• .Bates CJ. Riboflavin. In: Callabero B, ed. Encyclopedia of human nutrition. London: Academic Press; 1999:1722-1730.
• .Bates CJ, Flewitt A, Prentice AM, et al. Efficacy of a riboflavin supplement given at fortnightly intervals to pregnant and lactating women in rural Gambia. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37(6):427-432.
• .Bates CJ, Fuller NJ. The effect of riboflavin deficiency on methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) (EC 1.5.1.20) and folate metabolism in the rat. Br J Nutr 1985;55:455-464.
• .Bates CJ, Powers HJ. A simple fluorimetric assay for pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase in erythrocyte haemolysates: effects of riboflavin supplementation. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985;39:107-115.
• .Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Downes R, et al. Riboflavin status of adolescent vs. elderly Gambian subjects before and during supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:825-829.
• .Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Lamb WH. Antimalarial effects of riboflavin deficiency. Lancet 1986;1:329-330.
• .Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Paul AA, et al. Riboflavin status in Gambian pregnant and lactating women and its implications for recommended dietary allowances. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:928-935.
• .Becker K, Christopherson RI, Cowden WB, et al. Flavin analogs with antimalarial activity as glutathione reductase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;39:59-65.
• .Belizhenko GG, Belizhenko VD. [The combined effect of tetracycline with vitamins C, B-1 and B-2 on protein and mucleic acid synthesis in NAG-vibrio cells.] Antibiotiki 1974;19(4):336-338. [Russian]
• .Belko AZ, Meredith MP, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements: biological validation in weight reducing women. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41:270-277.
• .Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37(4):509-517.
• .Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Roach R, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40(3):553-561.
• .Benedetti A. [Signs of ariboflavinosis during hepatic cirrhosis; presence of riboflavin in ascites.] Acta Vitaminol 1953;7(6):260-264.
• .Benzinger P, Alscher DM. [Untreated homocystinuria in adulthood.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005;130(43):2439-2443. [German]
• .Betz AL, Ren XD, Ennis SR, et al. Riboflavin reduces edema in focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1994;60:314-317.
• .Bhat KS. Nutritional status of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine in cataract patients. Nutr Rep Int 1987;36:685-692.
• .Bielenberg J. Folic acid and vitamin deficiency caused by oral contraceptives. Med Monatsschr Pharm 1991;14(8):244-247.
• .Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Sheftell FD, et al. New migraine preventive options: an update with pathophysiological considerations. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2002;57(6):293-298. (Review)
• .Blanck HM, Bowman BA, Serdula MK, et al. Angular stomatitis and riboflavin status among adolescent Bhutanese refugees living in southeastern Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(2):430-435.
• .Boisvert WA, Mendoza I, Castañeda C, et al. Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macronutrient composition of the diet. J Nutr 1993;123:915-925.
• .Bottiglieri T, Diaz-Arrastia R. Hyperhomocysteinemia and cognitive function: more than just a casual link? Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(3):493-494.
• .Breen C, Crowe A, Roelfsema HJ, et al. High-dose riboflavin for prophylaxis of migraine. Can Fam Physician 2003;49:1291-1293.
• .Brivet M, Tardieu M, Khellaf A, et al. Riboflavin responsive ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria in a 9-month-old boy with liver cirrhosis, myopathy and encephalopathy. J Inherited Metab Dis 1991;14(3):333-337.
• .Bunce GE. Nutritional factors in cataract. Annu Rev Nutr 1990;10:233-254.
• .Burch HB, Combs AM, Lowry OH, et al. Effects of riboflavin deficiency and realimentation on flavin enzymes of tissues. J Biol Chem 1956;223(1):29-45.
• .Capo-chichi CD, Feillet F, Gueant JL, et al. Concentrations of riboflavin and related organic acids in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(4):978-986.
• .Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, et al. Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(4):672-678.
• .Carney MW, Ravindran A, Rinsler MG, et al. Thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency in psychiatric in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1982;141:271-272.
• .Carrigan PJ, Machinist J, Kershner RP. Riboflavin nutritional status and absorption in oral contraceptive users and nonusers. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32(10):2047-2051.
• .Cavill IA, Jacobs A. Red cell riboflavin in iron deficiency anaemia. Clin Chim Acta 1967;16(3):343-346.
• .Chaconnet-Harding F, Dalgliesh CE, Neuberger. Riboflavin and tryptophan metabolism in the rat. Biochem J 1952;52(1):vii-viii.
• .Charoenlarp P, Pholpothi T, Chatpunyaporn P, et al. The effect of riboflavin on the hematologic changes in iron supplementation of schoolchildren. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1980;11(1):97-103.
• .Charlton KE, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Nel JH. Development of a novel nutrition screening tool for use in elderly South Africans. Public Health Nutr 2005;8(5):468-479.
• .Chastain JL, McCormick DB. Flavin catabolites: identification and quantitation in human urine. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:830-834.
• .Chen LH, Fan-Chiang WL. Biochemical evaluation of riboflavin and vitamin B6 status of institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly in Central Kentucky. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1981;51(3):232-238.
• .Chen RD. [Chemoprevention of cervical cancer: intervention study of cervical precancerous lesions by retinamide II and riboflavin.] Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1993;15(4):272-274. [Chinese]
• .Cherstvova LG, Sukhanov I. [Characteristics of riboflavin excretion in healthy children and in patients with iron deficiency anemia.] Pediatriia 1980;(5):37-38. [Russian]
• .Chia CP, Addison R, McCormick DB. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 8a-(amino acid)-riboflavins in the rat. J Nutr 1978;108:373-381.
• .Christensen HN. Riboflavin can protect tissue from oxidative injury. Nutr Rev 1993;51(5):149-150.
• .Christensen S. Renal excretion of riboflavin in the rat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1971;29(5):428-440.
• .Cimino JA, Jhangiani S, Schwartz E, et al. Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid human adult. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987;184(2):151-153.
• .Cimino JA, Noto RA, Fusco CL, et al. Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid newborn. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47(3):481-483.
• .Cocchi G, Gualandi S, Barbanti M, et al. [The action of phototherapy on total plasma riboflavin in hyperbilirubinemic newborn infants.] Minerva Pediatr 1980;32(17):1069-1072. [Italian]
• .Cole HS, Lopez R, Cooperman JM. Riboflavin deficiency in children with diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol Lat 1976;13(1-2):25-29.
• .Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy. Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the UK. London: HMSO; 1991.
• .Committee on Nutrition. Composition of human milk: normative data. In: Pediatric nutrition handbook. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1985:363-368.
• .Cooperman JM, Lopez R. Riboflavin. In: Machlin L, ed. Handbook of vitamins: nutritional, biochemical, and clinical aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1984:299-327.
• .Cowden WB, Butcher GA, Hunt NH, et al. Antimalarial activity of a riboflavin analog against Plasmodium vinckei in vivo and Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987;37(3):495-500.
• .Cowden WB, Clark IA. Antimalarial activity of synthetic riboflavin antagonists. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987;81(4):533.
• .Criado S, Garcia NA. Vitamin B2-sensitised photooxidation of the ophthalmic drugs Timolol and Pindolol: kinetics and mechanism. Redox Rep 2004;9(5):291-297.
• .Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2000;107(3):450-456.
• .Das B, Thurnham DI, Patnaik JK, et al. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation in riboflavin deficient, malaria-infected children. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:859-863.
• .Davis JS. High-dose riboflavin for the prevention of migraine: can we afford to ignore it? Intern Med J 2004;34(6):372-373.
• .De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr 1998;128:797-803.
• .Del Boca FK, Kranzler HR, Brown J, et al. Assessment of medication compliance in alcoholics through UV light detection of a riboflavin tracer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20(8):1412-1417.
• .DeLisser-Matthews LA, Khalaj A. Electrochemical evidence for interaction between chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride and the flavin coenzymes. J Pharm Sci 1976;65(12):1758-1763.
• .Desouza C, Keebler M, McNamara DB, et al. Drugs affecting homocysteine metabolism: impact on cardiovascular risk. Drugs 2002;62(4):605-616. (Review)
• .Doiphode NG, Bamji MS. Effect of aureomycin on the nutritional status of the B-vitamins in humans. Int Z Vitaminforsch 1970;40(1):58-63.
• .Dubbert PM, King A, Rapp SR, et al. Riboflavin as a tracer of medication compliance. J Behav Med 1985;8(3):287-299.
• .Duell PB, Malinow MR. Homocyst(e)ine: an important risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8(1):28-34. (Review)
• .Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, et al. Folate and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C→T mutation correlate with cognitive performance. Neurobiol Aging 2006;27(2):334-343.
• .Dutta P, Gee M, Rivlin RS, et al. Riboflavin deficiency and glutathione metabolism in rats: possible mechanisms underlying altered responses to hemolytic stimuli. J Nutr 1988;118(9):1149-1157.
• .Dutta P, Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Adriamycin intensifies depletion of reduced glutathione by riboflavin deficiency in rat lens. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;40:1111-1115.
• .Dutta P, Pinto J, Rivlin RS. Malaria chemotherapy through interference of riboflavin metabolism. Lancet 1986;1(8482):679-680.
• .Dutta P, Seirafi J, Halpin D, et al. Acute ethanol exposure alters hepatic glutathione metabolism in riboflavin deficiency. Alcohol 1995;12(1):43-47.
• .Dutta P, Yeh J, O’Flaherty LJ, et al. Exercise and riboflavin deficiency deplete glutathione level in muscle. FASEB J 1994;8:A700. (Abstract)
• .Dyer DL, Said HM. Riboflavin uptake by native Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1234(1):15-21.
• .Edelbroek PM, Linssen AC, Zitman FG, et al. Analgesic and antidepressive effects of low-dose amitriptyline in relation to its metabolism in patients with chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39(2):156-162.
• .Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-634.
• .Elias MF, Sullivan LM, D’Agostino RB, et al. Homocysteine and cognitive performance in the Framingham offspring study: age is important. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162(7):644-653.
• .Elsborg L, Nielsen JA, Bertram U, et al. The intake of vitamins and minerals by the elderly at home. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1983;53:321-329.
• .Faber M. Complementary foods consumed by 6-12-month-old rural infants in South Africa are inadequate in micronutrients. Public Health Nutr 2005;8(4):373-381.
• .Fairweather-Tait SJ, Powers HJ, Minski MJ, et al. Riboflavin deficiency and iron absorption in adult Gambian men. Ann Nutr Metab 1992;36(1):34-40.
• .Falk MC, Johnson PG, McCormick DB. Synthetic flavinyl peptides related to the active site of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase: I: chemical and spectral properties. Biochemistry 1976;15:639-645.
• .Falk MC, McCormick DB. Synthetic flavinyl peptides related to the active site of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase: II: fluorescence properties. Biochemistry 1976;15:646-653.
• .Fass S, Rivlin RS. Regulation of riboflavin metabolizing enzymes in riboflavin deficiency. Am J Physiol 1969;217:988-991.
• .Fazekas AG, Sandor T. The influence of corticosteroids on flavin nucleotide biosynthesis in rat liver and kidney. J Steroid Biochem 1976;7(1):29-32.
• .Fazekas AG, Sandor T. Studies on the biosynthesis of flavin nucleotides from 2-14 C-riboflavin by rat liver and kidney. Can J Biochem 1973;51(6):772-782.
• .Fenech M, Baghurst P, Luderer W, et al. Low intake of calcium, folate, nicotinic acid, vitamin E, retinol, beta-carotene and high intake of pantothenic acid, biotin and riboflavin are significantly associated with increased genome instability: results from a dietary intake and micronucleus index survey in South Australia. Carcinogenesis 2005;26(5):991-999.
• .Finkelstein JD. Pathways and regulation of homocysteine metabolism in mammals. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000;26:219-225.
• .Fischer M, Bacher A. Biosynthesis of flavocoenzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2005;22(3):324-350. (Review)
• .Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(2):125-150. (Review)
• .Flicker L, Ames D. Metabolic and endocrinological causes of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2005;17(Suppl 1):S79-92.
• .Folkers K, Ellis J. Successful therapy with vitamin B6 and vitamin B2 of the carpal tunnel syndrome and need for determination of the RDAs for vitamins B6 and B2 for disease states. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:295-301.
• .Folkers K, Wolaniuk A, Vadhanavikit S. Enzymology of the response of the carpal tunnel syndrome to riboflavin and to combined riboflavin and pyridoxine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984;81:7076-7078.
• .Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
• .Foy H, Kondi A. The vulnerable esophagus: riboflavin deficiency and squamous cell dysplasia of the skin and the esophagus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;72(4):941-948.
• .Fraaije MW, Mattevi A. Flavoenzymes: diverse catalysts with recurrent features. Trends Biochem Sci 2000;25:126-132.
• .Fraaije MW, van den Heuvel RH, van Berkel WJ, et al. Covalent flavinylation is essential for efficient redox catalysis in vanillyl-alcohol oxidase. J Biol Chem 1999;274:35514-35520.
• .Friso S, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, et al. Low circulating vitamin B(6) is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation 2001;103(23):2788-2791.
• .Fujii K, Golivan JH, Huennekens FM. Activation of methionine synthetase: further characterisation of the flavoprotein system. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977;178:662-670.
• .Gabay S, Harris SR. Studies of flavin-adenine dinucleotide-requiring enzymes and phenothiazines: II: structural requirements for D-amino acid oxidase inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 1966;15(3):317-322.
• .Galdhar NR, Pawar SS. Effect of dietary riboflavin levels and phenobarbital pretreatment on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation in young male rats. Indian J Med Res 1975;63(4):507-517.
• .Ganji V, Kafai MR. Frequent consumption of milk, yogurt, cold breakfast cereals, peppers, and cruciferous vegetables and intakes of dietary folate and riboflavin but not vitamins B-12 and B-6 are inversely associated with serum total homocysteine concentrations in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6):1500-1507.
• .Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14(1):71-79.
• .Gerbasi M. Observations on ariboflavinosis and kwashiorkor in Sicily. Arch Pediatr 1960;77:157-164.
• .Ghadirian P, Jain M, Ducic S, et al. Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27(5):845-852.
• .Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: MacMillan Co, 1980:1331-1346, 1551-1601. (Review)
• .Goswami A, Rosenberg IN. Characterization of a flavoprotein iodotyrosine deiodinase from bovine thyroid: flavin nucleotide binding and oxidation-reduction properties. J Biol Chem 1979;254(24):12326-12330.
• .Grelle FC. [Gynecological manifestations of ariboflavinosis.] Hospital (Rio J) 1952;42(5):775-778.
• .Grelle FC. [Gynecological manifestations of avitaminoses, with special reference to ariboflavinosis.] Rev Med Aeronaut 1952;4(1):43-46.
• .Griebel V, Krageloh-Mann I, Ruitenbeek W, et al. A mitochondrial myopathy in an infant with lactic acidosis. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990;32(6):528-531.
• .Gromisch DS, Lopez R, Cole HS, et al. Light (phototherapy)-induced riboflavin deficiency in the neonate. J Pediatr 1977;90(1):118-122.
• .Guggenheim K, Segal S. Oral contraceptives and riboflavin nutriture. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1977;47(3):234-235.
• .Hakvoort A, Haselbach M, Galla HJ. Active transport properties of porcine choroid plexus cells in culture. Brain Res 1998;795(1-2):247-256.
• .Halsted CH. Absorption of water-soluble vitamins. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003;19(2):113-117.
• .Hamajima S, Ono S, Hirano H, et al. Induction of the FAD synthetase system in rat liver by phenobarbital administration. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979;49:59-63.
• .Harding-Charconnet F. [Role of riboflavin in the metabolism of tryptophan L and D: effect of ascorbic acid on avitaminosis B2 and repercussion on the metabolism of tryptophan L.] Arch Sci Physiol (Paris) 1959;13:419-433. [French]
• .Hassan RM, Thurnham DI. Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the metabolism of the red blood cell. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1977;47(4):349-355.
• .Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev 2001;6(2):141-166. (Review)
• .Henderson LM, Koski RE, D’angeli F. The role of riboflavin and vitamin B6 in tryptophan metabolism. J Biol Chem 1955;215(1):369-376.
• .Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, et al. Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14(9):859-870.
• .Hirakawa K, Aoshima M, Hiraku Y, et al. Photohydrolysis of methotrexate produces pteridine, which induces poly-G-specific DNA damage through photoinduced electron transfer. Photochem Photobiol 2002;76(5):467-472.
• .Holt GA. Food and drug interactions. Chicago: Precept Press; 1998:82-83. (Review)
• .Hodr R. [Acceleration of the therapeutic effect of light using riboflavin during phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.] Cesk Pediatr 1977;32(4):224-225. [Czech]
• .Hodr R, Knobloch E, Prochazkova E, et al. [Prevention of riboflavin hypovitaminosis and a favorable therapeutic effect during phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.] Cesk Pediatr 1986;41(5):271-274. [Czech]
• .Hodr R, Knobloch E, Prochazkova E, et al. [Riboflavin hypovitaminosis in phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.] Cesk Pediatr 1986;41(4):206-207. [Czech]
• .Hodr R, Knobloch E, Vondracek J, et al. [Levels of riboflavin in the blood of normal newborns and during phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia.] Cesk Pediatr 1981;36(2):62-64. [Czech]
• .Hoorn RK, Flikweert JP, Westerink D. Vitamin B1, B2 and B6 deficiencies in geriatric patients, measured by co-enzyme stimulation of enzyme activities. Clinica Chimica Acta 1975;61:151-162.
• .Hrbek J, Komenda S, Siroka A, Macakova J. On the acute effect of drugs on artificial conditioned verbal associations. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 1970;12(3):268-273.
• .Huang S-N, Swaan PW. Involvement of a receptor-mediated component in cellular translocation of riboflavin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;294:117-125.
• .Huemer M, Fodinger M, Huemer C, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis is not influenced by methotrexate treatment and folic acid supplementation: a pilot study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21(2):249-255.
• .Huennekens FM. Flavin nucleotides and flavoproteins. Experientia 1956;12(1):1-6.
• .Huennekens FM, DiGirolamo PM, Fujii K, et al. B12-dependent methionine synthetase as a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. Adv Enzyme Regul 1976;14:187-205. (Review)
• .Hughes J, Sanders TA. Riboflavin levels in the diet and breast milk of vegans and omnivores. Proc Nutr Soc 1979;38(2):95A.
• .Hultquist DE, Xu F, Quandt KS, et al. Evidence that NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase and administered riboflavin protect tissues from oxidative injury. Am J Hematol 1993;42(1):13-18.
• .Hustad S, McKinley MC, McNulty H, et al. Riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide in human plasma and erythrocytes at baseline and after low-dose riboflavin supplementation. Clin Chem 2002;48(9):1571-1577.
• .Hustad S, Nedrebo BG, Ueland PM, et al. Phenotypic expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C→T polymorphism and flavin cofactor availability in thyroid dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(4):1050-1057.
• .Hustad S, Ueland PM, Schneede J. Quantification of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Clin Chem 1999;45(6 Pt 1):862-868.
• .Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, et al. Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clin Chem 2000;46(8 Pt 1):1065-1071.
• .Illarionov B, Eisenreich W, Schramek N, et al. Biosynthesis of vitamin B2: diastereomeric reaction intermediates of archaeal and non-archaeal riboflavin synthases. J Biol Chem 2005;280(31):28541-28546.
• .Irizarry MC, Gurol ME, Raju S, et al. Association of homocysteine with plasma amyloid beta protein in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Neurology 2005;65(9):1402-1408.
• .Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(7):1009-1019.
• .Jacques PF, Kalmbach R, Bagley PJ, et al. The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. J Nutr 2002;132(2):283-288.
• .Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and 5-year change in nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123(4):517-526.
• .Jay S, DuRant RH, Litt IF, et al. Riboflavin, self-report, and serum norethindrone: comparison of their use as indicators of adolescent compliance with oral contraceptives. Am J Dis Child 1984;138(1):70-73.
• .Johnson L, Eckardt R. Rosacea keratitis and conditions with vascularization of the cornea treated with B2. Arch Ophthamol 1940;23:899-907.
• .Joshi UM, Virkar KD, Amatayakul K, et al. Impact of hormonal contraceptives vis-a-vis non-hormonal factors on the vitamin status of malnourished women in India and Thailand: World Health Organization: Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction: Task Force on Oral Contraceptives. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1986;40(3):205-220.
• .Jung MY, Lee KH, Kim SY. Riboflavin-sensitized photochemical changes in beta-lactoglobulin in an aqueous buffer solution as affected by ascorbic acid. J Agriculture Food Chem 2000;48(9):3847-3850.
• .Jusko WJ, Leonards JR, Levy G. Riboflavin distribution and elimination in two functionally anephric human patients. J Pharm Sci 1970;59(4):566-567.
• .Kapur S, Ganguli R, Ulrich R, et al. Use of random-sequence riboflavin as a marker of medication compliance in chronic schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 1991;6(1):49-53.
• .Kasai H, Yamaizumi Z, Yamamoto F, et al. Photosensitized formation of 8-hydroxyguanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine) in DNA by riboflavin. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1992;(27):181-182.
• .Kastrup EK, Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Nutrients and nutritional agents. In: Drug facts and comparisons. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 2000:4-5.
• .Kearney EB, Salach JI, Walker WH, et al. The covalently-bound flavin of hepatic monoamine oxidase: 1: isolation and sequence of a flavin peptide and evidence for binding at the 8 alpha position. Eur J Biochem 1971;24:321-327.
• .Khodzhaeva MK. [The interrelation between changes in the mucous membrane of the esophagus in precancerous esophageal diseases and blood levels of vitamin A, beta-carotene and riboflavin.] Klin Med (Mosk) 1988;66(4):56-58. [Russian]
• .Kimura M, Umegaki K, Higuchi M, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism, folic acid and riboflavin are important determinants of genome stability in cultured human lymphocytes. J Nutr 2004;134(1):48-56.
• .Kirschmann GJ, Kirschmann JD. Nutrition almanac. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:84-86.
• .Knobloch E, Hodr R. Metabolism of bilirubin and riboflavin in the course of phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborns. Czech Med 1989;12(3):134-144.
• .Kodentsova VM, Iakushina LM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, et al. [Effects of riboflavin administration on vitamin B6 metabolism.] Vopr Pitan 1993;(5):32-36. [Russian]
• .Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Denisova SN, et al. Metabolism of vitamins B1 and B2 during phenylketonuria. Vopr Med Khim 1999;45(2):150-157.
• .Kohlhaas M, Spoerl E, Speck A, et al. [A new treatment of keratectasia after LASIK by using collagen with riboflavin/UVA light cross-linking.] Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2005;222(5):430-436. (Case Report) [German]
• .Kotegawa M, Sugiyama M, Haramaki N. Protective effects of riboflavin and its derivatives against ischemic reperfused damage of rat heart. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994;34(4):685-691.
• .Krishnaswamy K. Erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase activity in patients with oral lesions. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1971;41:247-252.
• .Kuizon MD, Natera MG, Alberto SP, et al. Riboflavin requirement of Filipino women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:257-264.
• .Kunsman GW, Levine B, Smith ML. Vitamin B2 interference with TDx drugs-of abuse assays. J Forensic Sci 1998;43:1225-1227.
• .Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, et al. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132(1):19-26.
• .La Grutta A. [Blood proteins in various deficiency syndromes, predominantly ariboflavinosis.] Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1952;28(12):1944-1946.
• .Lairon D, Arnault N, Bertrais S, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:1185-1194.
• .Lakshmi AV, Bamji MS. Metabolism of [2-14C]pyridoxine in riboflavin deficiency. Biochem Med 1979;22(3):274-281.
• .Lakshmi AV, Bamji MS. Regulation of blood pyridoxal phosphate in riboflavin deficiency in man. Nutr Metab 1976;20:228-233.
• .Lakshmi AV, Bamji MS. Tissue pyridoxal phosphate concentration and pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase activity in riboflavin deficiency in rats and man. Br J Nutr 1974;32:249-255.
• .Lakshmi AV, Ramalakshmi BA. Effect of pyridoxine or riboflavin supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels in women with oral lesions. Natl Med J India 1998;11:171-172.
• .Larsson-Cohn U. Some effects of oral contraceptives of vitamins and on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1976;54:5-12. (Review)
• .Lathrop Stern L, Shane B, Bagley PJ, et al. Combined marginal folate and riboflavin status affect homocysteine methylation in cultured immortalized lymphocytes from persons homozygous for the MTHFR C677T mutation. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2716-2720.
• .LaVecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, et al. Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;73:525-530.
• .Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;326:1423. (Review)
• .Leeson LJ, Weidenheimer JF. Stability of tetracycline and riboflavin. J Pharm Sci 1969;58(3):355-357.
• .Levy G, MacGillivray MH, Procknal JA. Riboflavin absorption in children with thyroid disorders. Pediatrics 1972;50(6):896-900.
• .Levy G, Mosovich LL, Allen JE, et al. Biliary excretion of riboflavin in man. J Pharm Sci 1972;61(1):143-144.
• .Levy G, Rao BK. Enhanced intestinal absorption of riboflavin from sodium alginate solution in man. J Pharm Sci 1972;61(2):279-280.
• .Levy Y, Dutta P, Pinto JT, et al. Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation during riboflavin deficiency. Clin Res 1986;34:799A. (Abstract)
• .Lewis CM, King JC. Effect of oral contraceptives agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(4):832-838.
• .Lewis JA, Baer MT, Laufer MA. Urinary riboflavin and creatinine excretion in children treated with anticonvulsant drugs. Am J Dis Child 1975;129(3):394. (Letter)
• .Lewis CM, King JC. Effect of oral contraceptives agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(4):832-838.
• .Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Meta-analysis of MTHFR 677CT polymorphism and coronary heart disease: does totality of evidence support causal role for homocysteine and preventive potential of folate? BMJ 2005;331:1053.
• .Lichtenstein NS, Goldman ID. Riboflavin-methotrexate interactions: photochemical reaction and competition for transport in the L1210 mouse leukemia cell. Biochem Pharmacol 1970;19(4):1229-1239.
• .Lin P, Zhang J, Rong Z, et al. Studies on medicamentous inhibitory therapy for esophageal precancerous lesions: 3- and 5-year inhibitory effects of antitumor-B, retinamide and riboflavin. Proc Chin Acad Med Sci Peking Union Med Coll 1990;5(3):121-129.
• .Lin P. [Medicamentous inhibitory therapy of precancerous lesions of the esophagus: 3 and 5 year inhibitory effect of antitumor B, retinamide and riboflavin.] Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1990;12(4):235-245. [Chinese]
• .Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP, et al. A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2(6):525-530.
• .Lopez F, Cole HS, Montoya MF, et al. Riboflavin deficiency in a pediatric population of low socioeconomic status in New York City. J Pediatr 1975;87(3):420-422.
• .Lopez R, Schwartz JV, Cooperman JM. Riboflavin deficiency in an adolescent population in New York City. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(6):1283-1286.
• .Lopez de Romana G, Cusirramos S, Lopez de Romana D, et al. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr 2005;135(3):646S-652S.
• .Lowy RJ, Spring KR. Identification of riboflavin transport by MDCK cells using quantitative fluorescence video microscopy. J Membr Biol 1990;117(1):91-99.
• .Mack CP, Hultquist DE, Quandt KS, et al. Myocardial flavin reductase and flavins: potential role in decreasing reoxygenation injury. Circulation 1992;86:I-561. (Abstract)
• .Mack CP, Hultquist DE, Shlafer M. Myocardial flavin reductase and riboflavin: a potential role in decreasing reoxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;212(1):35-40.
• .Makhija SJ, Galdhar NR, Pawar SS. Phenobarbital induced variations in hepatic ethyl-morphine n-demethylase and inorganic pyrophosphatase during riboflavin deficiency. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1975;12(1):70-72.
• .Mansoor MA, Svardal AM, Ueland PM. Determination of the in vivo redox status of cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, and glutathione in human plasma. Anal Biochem 1992;200:218-229.
• .Manthey KC, Chew YC, Zempleni J. Riboflavin deficiency impairs oxidative folding and secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 in HepG2 cells, triggering stress response systems. J Nutr 2005;135(5):978-982.
• .Marriage B, Clandinin MT, Glerum DM. Nutritional cofactor treatment in mitochondrial disorders. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103(8):1029-1038.
• .Martinez-Julvez M, Tejero J, Peregrina JR, et al. Towards a new interaction enzyme:coenzyme. Biophys Chem 2005;115(2-3):219-224.
• .Marz R. Medical nutrition from Marz. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Omni Press; 1997. (Review)
• .Mason M. The metabolism of tryptophan in riboflavin-deficient rats. J Biol Chem 1953;201(2):513-518.
• .Mattimoe D, Newton W. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis. J Fam Pract 1998;47(1):11.
• .Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache: is there a role? Med Clin North Am 2001;85(4):1077-1084. (Review)
• .McCabe H. Riboflavin deficiency in cystic fibrosis: three case reports. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001;14(5):365-370.
• .McCormick DB. Enzymes catalysing formation of pyridoxal phosphate from vitamin B6. In: Iriarte A, Kagan HM, Martinez-Carrion M, eds. Biochemistry and molecular biology of vitamin B6 and PQQ-dependent proteins. Boston: Birkhauser-Verlag; 2000.
• .McCormick DB. Riboflavin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, et al, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:391-399.
• .McCormick DB. Two interconnected B vitamins: riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev 1989;69(4):1170-1198.
• .McKinley MC, McNulty H, McPartlin J, et al. Effect of riboflavin supplementation on plasma homocysteine in elderly people with low riboflavin status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56(9):850-856.
• .McNulty H, Dowey LC, Scott JM. Riboflavin supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. J Inherited Metab Dis 2003;26(Suppl 1):12.
• .McNulty H, McKinley MC, Wilson B, et al. Impaired functioning of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is dependent on riboflavin status: implications for riboflavin requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(2):436-441.
• .Meredith MJ, Reed DJ. Status of the mitochondrial pool of glutathione in the isolated hepatocyte. J Biol Chem 1982;257:3747-3753.
• .Merrill AH Jr, Lambeth JD, Edmondson DE, et al. Formation and mode of action of flavoproteins. Ann Rev Nutr 1981;1:281-317.
• .Meyer NA, Muller MJ, Herndon DN. Nutrient support of the healing wound. N Horiz 1994;2(2):202-214.
• .Midttun O, Hustad S, Solheim E, et al. Multianalyte quantification of vitamin B6 and B2 species in the nanomolar range in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2005;51(7):1206-1216.
• .Miyaji K, Hara Y. Effect of riboflavin or iron deficiency on the cell renewal rate of intestinal mucosa. J Vitaminol (Kyoto) 1966;12(2):89-97.
• .Miyazawa T, Sato C, Kaneda T. Antioxidative effects of [alpha]-tocopherol and riboflavin-butyrate in rats dosed with methyl linoleate hydroperoxide. Agriculture Biol Chem 1983;47:1577-1582.
• .Miyazawa T, Tsuchiya K, Kaneda T. Riboflavin tetrabutyrate: an antioxidative synergist of alpha-tocopherol as estimated by hepatic chemiluminescence. Nutr Rep Int 1984;29:157-165.
• .Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PA, Powers HJ, et al. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin Chem 2003;49(2):295-302.
• .Moat SJ, Clarke ZL, Madhavan AK, et al. Folic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction induced by inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;530(3):250-258.
• .Moat SJ, Madhavan A, Taylor SY, et al. High- but not low-dose folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(12):850-859.
• .Montagna P. High-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic treatment. Cephalalgia 1994;14(5):317.
• .Moura L. [Riboflavin (its action in the field of allergy).] Rev Bras Med 1970;27(12):613-615. [Portuguese]
• .Mulherin DM, Thurnham DI, Situnayake RD. Glutathione reductase activity, riboflavin status, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(11):837-840.
• .Munoz N, Hayashi M, Bang LJ, et al. Effect of riboflavin, retinol, and zinc on mi cronuclei of buccal mucosa and of esophagus: a randomized double-blind intervention study in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79(4):687-691.
• .Munoz N, Wahrendorf J, Bang LJ, et al. No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus: randomised double-blind intervention study in high-risk population of China. Lancet 1985;2(8447):111-114.
• .Newman LJ, Lopez R, Cole HS, et al. Riboflavin deficiency in women taking oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31(2):247-249.
• .Nichoalds GE. Riboflavin: Symposium in laboratory medicine. In: Labbac RF, ed. Symposium on laboratory assessment of nutritional status: clinics in laboratory medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1981:1, 685-698.
• .Nieman C, Jansen AP. Urinary excretion of riboflavin in normal, diuretic, and alloxan-diabetic rats. Int Z Vitaminforsch Beih 1955;25(4):448-458.
• .Ogle RF, Christodoulou J, Fagan E, et al. Mitochondrial myopathy with tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation and complex I deficiency responsive to riboflavin. J Pediatr 1997;130(1):138-145.
• .Ogura R, Ueta H, Hino Y, et al. Riboflavin deficiency caused by treatment with adriamycin. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1991;37(5):473-477.
• .Ohara M, Fujikura T, Fujiwara H. Augmentation of the inhibitory effect of blue light on the growth of B16 melanoma cells by riboflavin. Int J Oncol 2003;22(6):1291-1295.
• .Okuda J, Horiguchi N. Nutritional and ariboflavinosis-curing effects of riboflavin-5'-monobutyrate and monopalmitate. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1980;28(1):8-13.
• .Oppenheimer SJ, Bull R, Thurnham DI. Riboflavin deficiency in Madang infants. Papua New Guinea Med J 1983;26(1):17-20.
• .Ou LS, Kuo ML, Huang JL. Anaphylaxis to riboflavin (vitamin B2). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;87(5):430-433.
• .Pal D. A peculiar ocular manifestation of ariboflavinosis. Indian J Pediatr 1952;19(75):115-117.
• .Pataki L, Matkovics B, Novak Z, et al. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) treatment of neonatal pathological jaundice. Acta Paediatr Hung 1985;26(4):341-345.
• .Pataki L, Novak Z, Martonyi E, et al. [Effect of riboflavin (vitamin B2) on the serum bilirubin level in neonatal jaundice requiring exchange transfusion.] Orv Hetil 1984;125(45):2733-2735. [Hungarian]
• .Patel JM, Pawar SS. Riboflavin and drug metabolism in adult male and female rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1974;23(10):1467-1477.
• .Paulionis L, Kane SL, Meckling KA. Vitamin status and cognitive function in a long-term care population. BMC Geriatr 2005;5(1):16.
• .Penn AM, Lee JW, Thuillier P, et al. MELAS syndrome with mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR) mutation: correlation of clinical state, nerve conduction, and muscle 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during treatment with nicotinamide and riboflavin. Neurology 1992;42(11):2147-2152.
• .Perumal SS, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen and energy-modulating vitamins on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005;56(1):105-114.
• .Pinto JT, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. Inhibition by chlorpromazine of thyroxine modulation of flavin metabolism in liver, cerebrum and cerebellum. Biochem Pharmacol 1985;34(1):93-95.
• .Pinto JT, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol upon the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide. J Clin Invest 1987;79:1343-1348.
• .Popov CS, Yordanov IM, Nikiforova MN. The influence of ATP riboflavin, succinate, and glutamate in vitro on the haemolytic action of chlorpromazine. Dokl Bulg Acad Nauk 1970;23(2):221-224.
• .Porcelli PJ, Adcock EW, DelPaggio D, et al. Plasma and urine riboflavin and pyridoxine concentrations in enterally fed very-low-birth-weight neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;23(2):141-146.
• .Porcelli PJ, Greene H, Adcock E. A modified vitamin regimen for vitamin B2, A, and E administration in very-low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38(4):392-400.
• .Porrini M, Simonetti P, Testolin G, et al. Relation between diet composition and coronary heart disease risk factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 1991;45(2):148-151.
• .Powers HJ. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1352-1360. (Review)
• .Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Duerden JM. Effects of riboflavin deficiency in rats on some aspects of iron metabolism. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1983;53(4):371-376.
• .Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Eccles M, et al. Bicycling performance in Gambian children: effects of supplements of riboflavin or ascorbic acid. Human J Clin Nutr 1987;41:59-69.
• .Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Lamb WH. Haematological response to supplements of iron and riboflavin to pregnant and lactating women in rural Gambia. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985;39(2):117-129.
• .Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Prentice AM, et al. The relative effectiveness of iron and iron with riboflavin in correcting a microcytic anaemia in men and children in rural Gambia. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37(6):413-425.
• .Powers HJ, Thronham DI. Riboflavin deficiency in man: effects on haemoglobin and reduced glutathione in erythrocytes of different ages. Br J Nutr 1981;46:257-266.
• .Powers HJ, Weaver LT, Austin S, et al. A proposed intestinal mechanism for the effect of riboflavin deficiency on iron loss in the rat. Br J Nutr 1993;69(2):553-561.
• .Powers HJ, Weaver LT, Austin S, et al. Riboflavin deficiency in the rat: effects on iron utilization and loss. Br J Nutr 1991;65(3):487-496.
• .Powers HJ, Wright AJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ. The effect of riboflavin deficiency in rats on the absorption and distribution of iron. Br J Nutr 1988;59(3):381-387.
• .Prasad AP, Bamji MS, Lakshmi AV, et al. Functional impact of riboflavin supplementation in urban school children. Nutr Res 1990;10:275-281.
• .Prchal JT, Conrad ME, Skalka HW. Association of presenile cataracts with heterozygosity for galactosaemic states and with riboflavin deficiency. Lancet 1978;12-13.
• .Pronsky Z. Powers and Moore’s food-medications interactions. 9th ed. Pottstown, PA: Food-Medication Interactions; 1991. (Review)
• .Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, et al. Homocysteine and B vitamins in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43(10):1096-1100.
• .Ramsay VP, Neumann C, Clark V, et al. Vitamin cofactor saturation indices for riboflavin, thiamine, and pyridoxine in placental tissue of Kenyan women. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:969-973.
• .Ramos MI, Allen LH, Mungas DM, et al. Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(6):1346-1352.
• .Ramu A, Mehta MM, Liu J, et al. The riboflavin-mediated photooxidation of doxorubicin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000;46(6):449-458.
• .Raymond LF. Reversible chronic recurrent keratitis with vascularization due to ariboflavinosis. J Med Soc N J 1955;52(6):315-316.
• .Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Folate, but not homocysteine, predicts the risk of fracture in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60(11):1458-1462.
• .Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(3):636-643.
• .Recker RR, Hynes HE. Pure red blood cell aplasia associated with chlorpropamide therapy: patient summary and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1969;123(4):445-447. (Review)
• .Rivlin RS. Riboflavin and cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1973;33(9):1977-1986. (Review)
• .Rivlin RS. Hormonal regulation of riboflavin metabolism. In: Rivlin RS, ed. Riboflavin. New York: Plenum Press; 1975:393-426.
• .Rivlin RS. Medical aspects of vitamin [B₂]. In: Muller F, ed. Chemistry and biochemistry of flavins. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1990:201-214.
• .Rivlin RS. Medical progress: riboflavin metabolism. N Engl J Med 1970; 283:463-472.
• .Rivlin RS. Riboflavin. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986;206:349-355.
• .Rivlin RS. Vitamin deficiency. In: Rakel RE, ed. Conn’s current therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994:551-559.
• .Rivlin RS, Menendez C, Langdon R. Biochemical similarities between hypothyroidism and riboflavin deficiency. Endocrinology 1968;83:461-469.
• .Robbins MA, Elias MF, Budge MM, et al. Homocysteine, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cognitive performance: the Maine-Syracuse Study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43(10):1101-1106.
• .Robinson C, Weigly E. Basic nutrition and diet therapy. New York: MacMillan; 1984.
• .Rock CL, Vasantharajan S. Vitamin status of eating disorder patients: relationship to clinical indices and effect of treatment. Int J Eating Disord 1995;18:257-262.
• .Rodighiero V. Drug pharmacokinetics in thyroid dysfunction. Minerva Endocrinol 1985;10(2):97-113. (Review)
• .Roe DA. Diet and drug interactions. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1989. (Review)
• .Roe DA. Drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Avi Publishing; 1985. (Review)
• .Roe DA. Risk factors in drug-induced nutritional deficiencies. In: Roe DA, Campbell T, eds. Drugs and nutrients: the interactive effects. New York: Marcel Decker; 1984:505-523.
• .Rosenthal WS, Adham NF, Lopez R, et al. Riboflavin deficiency in complicated chronic alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 1973;26(8):858-860.
• .Roughead ZK, McCormick DB. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of flavins in cow’s milk. J Nutr 1990;120:382-388.
• .Roughead ZK, McCormick DB. Flavin composition of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:854-857.
• .Rudolph N, Parekh AJ, Hittelman J, et al. Postnatal decline in pyridoxal phosphate and riboflavin: accentuation by phototherapy. Am J Dis Child 1985;139(8):812-815.
• .Sadowski JA. Riboflavin. In: Hartz SC, Russell RM, Rosenberg IH, eds. Nutrition in the elderly: the Boston Nutritional Status Survey. London: Smith-Gordon; 1992:119-125.
• .Said HM, Ma TY. Mechanism of riboflavine uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1994;266(1 Pt 1):G15-21.
• .Said HM, McCloud E, Yanagawa N. Riboflavin uptake by rat liver basolateral membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1236(2):244-248.
• .Said HM, Mohammadkhani R, McCloud E. Mechanism of transport of riboflavin in rabbit intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993;202(4):428-434.
• .Sándor PS, Áfra J. Nonpharmacologic treatment of migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005;9(3):202-205.
• .Sauberlich HE, Judd JH Jr, Nichoalds GE, et al. Application of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay in evaluating riboflavin nutritional status in a high school student population. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25(8):756-762.
• .Schendel H, Gordon A. Effect of riboflavin on plasma growth hormone and serum iron in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28(6):569-570.
• .Schoenen J. [Anti-migraine treatment: present and future.] Rev Med Liege 1999;54:79-86. [French]
• .Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1998;50(2):466-470.
• .Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. High dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis. J Fam Pract 1998;47(1):11.
• .Schoenen J, Lenaerts M, Bastings E. High-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic treatment of migraine: results of an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 1994;14(5):328-329.
• .Seekamp A, Hultquist DE, Till GO. Protection by vitamin B2 against oxidant-mediated acute lung injury. Inflammation 1999;23(5):449-460.
• .Shafrir E, Barash V, Zederman R, et al. Modulation of fetal and placental metabolic pathways in response to maternal thyroid and glucocorticoid hormone excess. Isr J Med Sci 1994;30(1):32-41.
• .Shahar D, Shai I, Vardi H, et al. Diet and eating habits in high and low socioeconomic groups. Nutrition 2005;21(5):559-566.
• .Shargel L, Mazel P. Effect of riboflavin deficiency on phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1973;22(19):2365-2373.
• .Silberstein SD, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB. Management of migraine: an algorithmic approach. Neurology 2000;55(9 Suppl 2):S46-52. (Review)
• .Sisson TR. Photodegradation of riboflavin in neonates. Fed Proc 1987;46(5):1883-1885.
• .Skalka HW, Prchal JT. Cataracts and riboflavin deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34(5):861-863.
• .Smith JL, Canham JE, Wells PA. Effect of phototherapy light, sodium bisulfite, and pH on vitamin stability in total parenteral nutrition admixtures. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988;12(4):394-402. Erratum in JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989;13(2):167.
• .Smith MD. Rapid method for determination of riboflavin in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1980;182:285-291.
• .Smuts CM, Dhansay MA, Faber M, et al. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr 2005;135(3):653S-659S.
• .Soares MJ, Satyanarayana K, Bamji MS, et al. The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of adult men. Br J Nutr 1993;69:541-551.
• .Soma Y, Kashima M, Imaizumi A, et al. Moisturizing effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol 2005;44(3):197-202.
• .Songchitsomboon S, Komindr S, Kulapongse S, et al. Thiamin and riboflavin status of medical inpatients. J Med Assoc Thai 1998;81(12):931-937.
• .Southon S, Bailey AL, Wright AJ, et al. Micronutrient undernutrition in British schoolchildren. Proc Nutr Soc 1993;52:155-163.
• .Spector R. Riboflavin homeostasis in the central nervous system. J Neurochem 1980;35(1):202-209.
• .Spector R, Boose B. Active transport of riboflavin by the isolated choroid plexus in vitro. J Biol Chem 1979;254(20):10286-10289.
• .Spence JD, Bang H, Chambless LE, et al. Vitamin Intervention For Stroke Prevention trial: an efficacy analysis. Stroke 2005;36(11):2404-2409.
• .Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, et al. The Linxian cataract studies: two nutrition intervention trials. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1246-1253.
• .Stanislavchuk NA, Pentiuk AA, Lychik GZ, et al. [Influence of enzyme inducers and inhibitors of the metabolism of xenobiotics and of the coenzyme forms of vitamins B1 and B2 on the anti-inflammatory effect of voltaren.] Farmakol Toksikol 1988;51(2):69-71. [Russian]
• .Steier M, Lopez R, Cooperman JM. Riboflavin deficiency in infants and children with heart disease. Am Heart J 1976;92(2):139-143.
• .Stott DJ, Macintosh G, Lowe GD, et al. Randomized controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering vitamin treatment in elderly patients with vascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(6):1320-1326.
• .Stracciari A, D’Alessandro R, Baldin E, et al. Post-transplant headache: benefit from riboflavin. Eur Neurol 2006;56(4):201-203.
• .Sukhanov I, Cherstvova LG, Petrukhina EN. [Riboflavin metabolism in iron-deficiency anemia.] Sov Med 1981;(1):42-45. [Russian]
• .Surowiecki J, Krowczynski L. Studies on protection of medicinal substances by amber glass against catalytic effects of light: II: effect of the glass color on stability of chloropromazine hydrochloride and riboflavine phosphate. Acta Pol Pharm 1972;29(4):405-414.
• .Sylianco CY, Berg CP. The effect of riboflavin deficiency upon the metabolism of tryptophan by liver and kidney tissue. J Biol Chem 1959;234(4):912-917.
• .Takacs M, Vamos J, Papp Q, et al. [In vitro interaction of selegiline, riboflavin and light: sensitized photodegradation of drugs.] Acta Pharm Hung 1999;69(3):103-107. (Abstract) [Hungarian]
• .Tang AM, Graham NM, Saah AJ. Effects of micronutrient intake on survival in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:1244-1256.
• .Taniguchi M, Hara T. Effects of riboflavin and selenium deficiencies on glutathione and relating enzyme activities with respect to lipid peroxide content of rat livers. J Nutr Vitam 1983;29:283-292.
• .Tanaka J, Nagai T, Arai H, et al. Treatment of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with a combination of cytochrome C and vitamins B1 and B2. Brain Dev 1997;19(4):262-267.
• .Thakker KM, Sitren HS, Gregory JF III, et al. Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(6):1472-1479.
• .Thomas MR, Sneed SM, Wei C, et al. The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:2151-2156.
• .Thorp VJ. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin and mineral requirements. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76(6):581-584.
• .Thurnham DI. Antimalarial effects of riboflavin deficiency. Lancet 1985;2(8467):1310-1311.
• .Thurnham DI, Migasena P, Vudhivai N. Angular stomatitis and biochemical ariboflavinosis in village pre-school children in Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971;2(2):259-260.
• .Thurnham DI, Rathakette P, Hambidge KM, et al. Riboflavin, vitamin A and zinc status in Chinese subjects in a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer in China. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1982;36(5):337-349.
• .Thurnham DI, Zheng SF, Munoz N, et al. Comparison of riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc status of Chinese populations at high and low risk for esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer 1985;7(3):131-143.
• .Tinguely D, Jonzier M, Schopf J, et al. Determination of compliance with riboflavin in an antidepressive therapy. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35(2):536-538.
• .Toborek M, Hennig B. Dietary methionine imbalance, endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Nutr Res 1996;16(7):1251-1266.
• .Traunmuller F, Ramharter M, Lagler H, et al. Normal riboflavin status in malaria patients in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68(2):182-185.
• .Tremblay A, Boilard M, Bratton MF, et al. The effects of a riboflavin supplementation on the nutritional status and performance of elite swimmers. Nutr Res 1984;4:201-208.
• .Triggs WJ, Roe CR, Rhead WJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of defect in mitochondrial beta oxidation response to riboflavin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55(3):209-211.
• .Troen AM. The central nervous system in animal models of hyperhomocysteinemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005;29(7):1140-1151. (Review)
• .Trovato A, Nuhlicek DN, Midtling JE. Drug-nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1991;44(5):1651-1658. (Review)
• .Tucker KL, Qiao N, Scott T, et al. High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(3):627-635.
• .Turkki PR, Ingerman L, Schroeder LA, et al. Riboflavin intakes and status of morbidly obese females during the first postoperative year following gastroplasty. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9(6):588-599.
• .Tyhach RJ, Rupchock PA, Pendergrass JH, et al. Adaptation of prostatic-group-label homogeneous immunoassay to reagent-strip format. Clin Chem 1981;27(9):1499-1504.
• .Ueland PM, Refsum H. [Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for premature vascular disease: plasma levels in healthy persons; during pathologic conditions and drug therapy.] Nord Med 1989;104(11):293-298. [Norwegian]
• .Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr 2005;135(3):639S-645S.
• .Vaidya SM, Kamlakar PL, Kamble SM. Molybdenum, xanthine oxidase and riboflavin levels in tamoxifen treated postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Indian J Med Sci 1998;52(6):244-247.
• .van den Donk M, Buijsse B, van den Berg SW, et al. Dietary intake of folate and riboflavin, MTHFR C677T genotype, and colorectal adenoma risk: a Dutch case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(6):1562-1566.
• .van der Beek EJ, van Dokkum W, Wedel M, et al. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:629-640.
• .Varela-Moreiras G. Nutritional regulation of homocysteine: effects of drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2001;55(8):448-453. (Review)
• .Varma RN, Mankad VN, Phelps DD, et al. Depressed erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity in sickle cell disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:884-887.
• .Verjee ZH. Tryptophan metabolism in baboons: effect of riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1975;29(1-6):198-201.
• .Villamor E, Saathoff E, Bosch RJ, et al. Vitamin supplementation of HIV-infected women improves postnatal child growth. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(4):880-888.
• .Vir SC, Love AH, Thompson W. Riboflavin status during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2699-2705.
• .Wacker J, Fruhauf J, Schulz M, et al. Riboflavin deficiency and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96(1):38-44.
• .Wagner JG. A modern view of pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1973;1(5):363-401. (Review)
• .Wahrendorf J, Munoz N, Lu JB, et al. Blood, retinol and zinc riboflavin status in relation to precancerous lesions of the esophagus: findings from a vitamin intervention trial in the People’s Republic of China. Cancer Res 1988;48(8):2280-2283.
• .Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;325:1202-1206.
• .Wald DS, Wald NJ, Morris JK, et al. Folic acid, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease: judging causality in the face of inconclusive trial evidence. BMJ 2006;333(7578):1114-1117. (Editorial, Review)
• .Walker WH, Kearney EB, Seng RL, et al. The covalently-bound flavin of hepatic monoamine oxidase: 2: identification and properties of cysteinyl riboflavin. Eur J Biochem 1971;24:328-331.
• .Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2006;355(25):2631-2639.
• .Ware JH. The limitations of risk factors as diagnostic tools. N Engl J Med 2006;355(25):2615-2617. (Editorial)
• .Webb JL. Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review. J Reprod Med 1980;25:150-156. (Review)
• .Weight LM, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD. Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the running performance of trained athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:192-195.
• .Werbach MR. Foundations of nutritional medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press; 1997. (Review).
• .West RJ, Lloyd JK. The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Gut 1975;16(2):93-98.
• .Wilhelmi G, Tanner K. Effect of riboflavin (vitamin B2) on spontaneous gonarthrosis in the mouse. Z Rheumatol 1988;47(3):166-172.
• .Winters LR, Yoon JS, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:526-532.
• .Wolf E. Vitamin therapy helps fight CTS. Occup Health Safety 1987;56(2):67.
• .Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;135(5):620-627.
• .Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Stress-strain measurements of human and porcine corneas after riboflavin-ultraviolet-A-induced cross-linking. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29(9):1780-1785.
• .Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Wilsch M, et al. Endothelial cell damage after riboflavin-ultraviolet-A treatment in the rabbit. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29(9):1786-1790.
• .Wollensak G, Sporl E, Reber F, et al. Corneal endothelial cytotoxicity of riboflavin/UVA treatment in vitro. Ophthalmic Res 2003;35(6):324-328.
• .Wong A, Mok V, Fan YH, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with volumetric white matter change in patients with small vessel disease. J Neurol 2006;253(4):441-447.
• .Wu ZL, Chen FX, Lai YH. [Mechanism and prevention of hemolysis in jaundiced infants in phototherapy.] Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1994;74(6):364-366, 391-392. [Chinese]
• .Xu F, Hultquist DE. Coupling of dihydroriboflavin oxidation to the formation of the higher valence states of hemeproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;181(1):197-203.
• .Xu F, Mack CP, Quandt KS, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone acts with flavin reductase to reduce ferryl myoglobin in vitro and protects isolated heart from re-oxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;193(1):434-439.
• .Yaffe SJ. Drug disposition in the fetus and newborn infant. R I Med J 1973;56(7):280-285 passim.
• .Yaffe SJ. Proceedings: pharmacokinetics in the fetus and newborn infant. Rev Can Biol 1973;32(Suppl):125-132.
• .Yanagawa N, Jo OD, Said HM. Riboflavin transport by rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1415(1):56-62.
• .Yanagawa N, Jo OD, Said HM. Riboflavin transport by rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1330(2):172-178.
• .Yates CA, Evans GS, Pearson T, et al. Absence of luminal riboflavin disturbs early postnatal development of the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48(6):1159-1164.
• .Yee AJ. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology 1999;52(2):431-432.
• .Yoon HR, Hahn SH, Ahn YM, et al. Therapeutic trial in the first three Asian cases of ethylmalonic encephalopathy: response to riboflavin. J Inherited Metab Dis 2001;24(8):870-873.
• .Young LM, Haakenson CM, Lee KK, et al. Riboflavin use as a drug marker in Veterans Administration cooperative studies. Control Clin Trials 1984;5(4 Suppl):497-504.
• .Young RC, Blass JP. Iatrogenic nutritional deficiencies. Annu Rev Nutr 1982;2:201-227. (Review)
• .Yunis AA, Arimura GK, Lutcher CL, et al. Biochemical lesion in Dilantin-induced erythroid aplasia. Blood 1967;30(5):587-600.
• .Yurdakok M, Erdem G, Tekinalp G. Riboflavin in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Turk J Pediatr 1988;30(3):159-161.
• .Yxfeldt A, Wallberg-Jonsson S, Hultdin J, et al. Homocysteine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in relation to inflammation and B-vitamin treatment. Scand J Rheumatol 2003;32(4):205-210.
• .Zempleni J. Determination of riboflavin and flavocoenzymes in human blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ann Nutr Metab 1995;39:224-226.
• .Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(1):54-66.
• .Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. The identification and kinetics of 7 alpha-hydroxyriboflavin (7- hydroxymethylriboflavin) in blood plasma from humans following oral administration of riboflavin supplements. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66(2):151-157.
• .Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. The metabolism of riboflavin in female patients with liver cirrhosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66(3):237-243.
• .Zilstorff-Pedersen K. [Two cases of ariboflavinosis cured by large riboflavin doses.] Ugeskr Laeger 1952;114(13):393-395.
• .Zoccolella S, Lamberti P, Iliceto G, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels in L-dopa-treated Parkinson’s disease patients with cognitive dysfunctions. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43(10):1107-1110.